Carl Andreas Lindstrøm

• Foster et al., New J. Phys. 25, 093037 (2023), “A hybrid, asymmetric, linear Higgs factory based on plasma-wakefield and radio-frequency acceleration”
• D’Arcy et al., Nature 603, 58 (2022), “Recovery time of a plasma-wakefield accelerator”
• Lindstrøm et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 126, 014801 (2021), “Energy-spread preservation and high efficiency in a plasma-wakefield accelerator”
• Schröder et al., Nat. Commun. 11, 5984 (2020), “High-resolution sampling of beam-driven plasma wakefields”
• Deng et al., Nat. Phys. 15, 1156 (2019), “Generation and acceleration of electron bunches from a plasma photocathode”"
• Lindstrøm et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 194801 (2018), “Emittance preservation in an aberration-free active plasma lens”
• Lindstrøm et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 120, 124802 (2018), “Measurement of transverse wakefields induced by a misaligned positron bunch in a hollow channel plasma accelerator”
• Gessner et al., Nat. Commun. 7, 11785 (2016), “Demonstration of a positron beam-driven hollow channel plasma wakefield accelerator”

• Cao, Jiawei; Lindstrøm, Carl A.; Adli, Erik; Corde, Sébastien & Gessner, Spencer (2024). Positron acceleration in plasma wakefields. Physical Review Accelerators and Beams. ISSN 2469-9888. 27(3). doi: 10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.27.034801.
• Barklow, Tim; Gessner, Spencer; Hogan, Mark; Ng, Cho-Kuen; Peskin, Michael & Raubenheimer, Tor [Show all 30 contributors for this article] (2023). Beam delivery and beamstrahlung considerations for ultra-high energy linear colliders. Journal of Instrumentation (JINST). ISSN 1748-0221. 18(9). doi: 10.1088/1748-0221/18/09/P09022.
• Foster, Brian; D'Arcy, Richard & Lindstrøm, Carl A. (2023). A hybrid, asymmetric, linear Higgs factory based on plasma-wakefield and radio-frequency acceleration. New Journal of Physics. ISSN 1367-2630. 25(9), p. 1–17. doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/acf395. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The construction of an electron–positron collider 'Higgs factory' has been stalled for a decade, not because of feasibility but because of the cost of conventional radio-frequency (RF) acceleration. Plasma-wakefield acceleration promises to alleviate this problem via significant cost reduction based on its orders-of-magnitude higher accelerating gradients. However, plasma-based acceleration of positrons is much more difficult than for electrons. We propose a collider scheme that avoids positron acceleration in plasma, using a mixture of beam-driven plasma-wakefield acceleration to high energy for the electrons and conventional RF acceleration to low energy for the positrons. We emphasise the benefits of asymmetric energies, asymmetric bunch charges and asymmetric transverse emittances. The implications for luminosity and experimentation at such an asymmetric facility are explored and found to be comparable to conventional facilities; the cost is found to be much lower. Some of the areas in which R&D is necessary to make HALHF a reality are highlighted, including estimates for the improvement required in key technologies. These range from a factor of 10 to a factor of 1000.

• White, G.; Gessner, S.; Adli, Erik; Cao, Jiawei; Sjobak, Kyrre Ness & Barber, S. [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2022). Beam delivery and final focus systems for multi-TeV advanced linear colliders. Journal of Instrumentation (JINST). ISSN 1748-0221. 17(5). doi: 10.1088/1748-0221/17/05/P05042. Full text in Research Archive
• Sjobak, Kyrre Ness; Adli, Erik; Corsini, Roberto; Farabolini, Wilfrid; Boyle, Gregory & Lindstrøm, Carl A. [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2021). Strong focusing gradient in a linear active plasma lens. Physical Review Accelerators and Beams. ISSN 2469-9888. 24(12). doi: 10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.24.121306. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Active plasma lenses are compact devices developed as a promising beam-focusing alternative for charged particle beams, capable of short focal lengths for high-energy beams. We have previously shown that linear magnetic fields with gradients of around 0.3 kT/m can be achieved in argon-filled plasma lenses that preserve beam emittance [C.A. Lindstrøm et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 194801 (2018)]. Here we show that with argon in a 500  μm diameter capillary, the fields are still linear with a focusing gradient of 3.6 kT/m, which is an order of magnitude higher than the gradients of quadrupole magnets. The current pulses that generate the magnetic field are provided by compact Marx banks, and are highly repeatable. The demonstrated operation with simultaneously high-gradient, linear fields and good repeatability establish active plasma lenses as an ideal device for pulsed particle beam applications requiring very high focusing gradients that are uniform throughout the lens aperture.

• Vafaei-Najafabadi, N.; Amorim, L. D.; Adli, Erik; An, W; Clarke, C. I. & Clayton, C. E. [Show all 24 contributors for this article] (2019). Producing multi-coloured bunches through beam-induced ionization injection in plasma wakefield accelerator. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. ISSN 1364-503X. 377(2151), p. 1–13. doi: 10.1098/rsta.2018.0184.
• Lindstrøm, Carl A.; Adli, Erik; Boyle, Gregory; Corsini, Roberto; Dyson, Anthony E & Farabolini, Wilfrid [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2018). Emittance Preservation in an Aberration-Free Active Plasma Lens. Physical Review Letters. ISSN 0031-9007. 121(19), p. 194801-1–194801-6. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.121.194801. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Active plasma lensing is a compact technology for strong focusing of charged particle beams, which has gained considerable interest for use in novel accelerator schemes. While providing kT=m focusing gradients, active plasma lenses can have aberrations caused by a radially nonuniform plasma temperature profile, leading to degradation of the beam quality. We present the first direct measurement of this aberration, consistent with theory, and show that it can be fully suppressed by changing from a light gas species (helium) to a heavier gas species (argon). Based on this result, we demonstrate emittance preservation for an electron beam focused by an argon-filled active plasma lens.

• Lindstrøm, Carl A.; Adli, Erik; Allen, James M.; An, Weiming; Beekman, C. & Clarke, Christine I. [Show all 21 contributors for this article] (2018). Measurement of Transverse Wakefields Induced by a Misaligned Positron Bunch in a Hollow Channel Plasma Accelerator. Physical Review Letters. ISSN 0031-9007. 120:124802(12), p. 1–5. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.120.124802. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Hollow channel plasma wakefield acceleration is a proposed method to provide high acceleration gradients for electrons and positrons alike: a key to future lepton colliders. However, beams which are misaligned from the channel axis induce strong transverse wakefields, deflecting beams and reducing the collider luminosity. This undesirable consequence sets a tight constraint on the alignment accuracy of the beam propagating through the channel. Direct measurements of beam misalignment-induced transverse wakefields are therefore essential for designing mitigation strategies. We present the first quantitative measurements of transverse wakefields in a hollow plasma channel, induced by an off-axis 20 GeV positron bunch, and measured with another 20 GeV lower charge trailing positron probe bunch. The measurements are largely consistent with theory.

• Lindstrøm, Carl A.; Sjøbæk, Kyrre Ness; Adli, Erik; Röckemann, J.-H.; Schaper, L. & Osterhoff, J. [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2018). Overview of the CLEAR plasma lens experiment. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A : Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. ISSN 0168-9002. 909, p. 379–382. doi: 10.1016/j.nima.2018.01.063. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Discharge capillary-based active plasma lenses are a promising new technology for strongly focusing charged particle beams, especially when combined with novel high gradient acceleration methods. Still, many questions remain concerning such lenses, including their transverse field uniformity, limitations due to plasma wakefields and whether they can be combined in multi-lens lattices in a way to cancel chromaticity. These questions will be addressed in a new plasma lens experiment at the CLEAR User Facility at CERN. All the subsystems have been constructed, tested and integrated into the CLEAR beam line, and are ready for experiments starting late 2017.

• Hidding, B.; Manahan, G. G.; Heinemann, T.; Scherkl, P.; Habib, F. & Ullmann, D. [Show all 28 contributors for this article] (2017). FIRST MEASUREMENTS OF TROJAN HORSE INJECTION IN A PLASMA WAKEFIELD ACCELERATOR, Proceedings of the 8th International Particle Accelerator Conference. JACoW. ISSN 978-3-95450-182-3. p. 1252–1257. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Plasma accelerators support accelerating fields of 10-100’s of GV/m over meter-scale distances and routinely produce femtosecond-scale, multi-kA electron bunches. The so called Trojan Horse underdense photocathode plasma wakefield acceleration scheme combines state of-the-art accelerator technology with laser and plasma methods and paves the way to improve beam quality as regards emittance and energy spread by many orders of magnitude. Electron beam brightness levels exceeding 10^20 A m^-2 rad^-2 may be reached, and the tunability allows for multi-GeV energies, designer bunches and energy spreads <0.05% in a single plasma accelerator stage. The talk will present results of the international E210 multiyear experimental program at SLAC FACET, which culminated in successful first demonstration of the Trojan Horse method during FACET’s final experimental run in 2016. Enabling implications for applications, including high performance plasma-based 5th generation light sources such as hard x-ray FEL’s, for which preliminary start-to-end simulations are presented, and for high energy physics are discussed.

• Gamba, D.; Corsini, Roberto; Curt, S.; Doebert, Steffen; Farabolini, W. & McMonagle, G. [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2017). The CLEAR user facility at CERN. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A : Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. ISSN 0168-9002. 909, p. 480–483. doi: 10.1016/j.nima.2017.11.080. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The conversion of the CALIFES beamline of CTF3 into the ‘‘CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for Research’’ (CLEAR) facility was approved in December 2016. The primary focus for CLEAR is general accelerator R&D and component studies for existing and possible future accelerator applications. This includes studies for high gradient acceleration methods, e.g. for CLIC and plasma technology, and prototyping and validation of accelerator components, e.g. for the HL-LHC upgrade. The facility also provides irradiation test capabilities for characterisation of electronic components and for medical applications. A description of the facility with details on the achievable beam parameters, and the status and plans are presented.

• Doche, A.; Beekman, C.; Corde, S.; Allen, J. M.; Clarke, C. I. & Frederico, J. [Show all 21 contributors for this article] (2017). Acceleration of a trailing positron bunch in a plasma wakefield accelerator. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 7(1). doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-14524-4. Show summary

  High gradients of energy gain and high energy efficiency are necessary parameters for compact, cost-efficient and high-energy particle colliders. Plasma Wakefield Accelerators (PWFA) offer both, making them attractive candidates for next-generation colliders. In these devices, a charge-density plasma wave is excited by an ultra-relativistic bunch of charged particles (the drive bunch). The energy in the wave can be extracted by a second bunch (the trailing bunch), as this bunch propagates in the wake of the drive bunch. While a trailing electron bunch was accelerated in a plasma with more than a gigaelectronvolt of energy gain, accelerating a trailing positron bunch in a plasma is much more challenging as the plasma response can be asymmetric for positrons and electrons. We report the demonstration of the energy gain by a distinct trailing positron bunch in a plasma wakefield accelerator, spanning nonlinear to quasi-linear regimes, and unveil the beam loading process underlying the accelerator energy efficiency. A positron bunch is used to drive the plasma wake in the experiment, though the quasi-linear wake structure could as easily be formed by an electron bunch or a laser driver. The results thus mark the first acceleration of a distinct positron bunch in plasma-based particle accelerators.

• Adli, Erik; Lindstrøm, Carl Andreas; Allen, J.; Clarke, C. I.; Frederico, J. & Gessner, S.J. [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2016). Long-range attraction of an ultrarelativistic electron beam by a column of neutral plasma. New Journal of Physics. ISSN 1367-2630. 18(103013). doi: 10.1088/1367-2630/18/10/103013. Full text in Research Archive
• Gessner, Spencer; Allen, James; Clarke, Christine; Delahaye, Jean-Pierre; Frederico, Joel & Green, Selina [Show all 25 contributors for this article] (2016). Demonstration of the hollow channel plasma wakefield accelerator. In Petit-Jean-Genaz, Christine; Kim, Dong Eon; Kim, Kyung Sook; Ko, In Soo; Kim, Kyung Ryul & Schaa, Volker RW (Ed.), Proceedings of the 7th International Particle Accelerator Conference. JACoW. ISSN 978-3-95450-147-2. p. 3202–3206. Show summary

  Over the past decade, there has been enormous progress in the field of beam and laser-driven plasma acceleration of electron beams. However, in order for plasma wakefield acceleration to be useful for a high-energy e+e−collider, we need a technique for accelerating positrons in plasma as well. This is a unique challenge, because the plasma responds differently to electron and positron beams, with plasma electrons being pulled through the positron beam and creating a non-linear focusing force that is disruptive to the beam. Here, we demonstrate a technique called hollow channel acceleration that symmetrizes the wakefield response to beams of either charge. Using a transversely shaped laser pulse, we create an annular plasma with a fixed radius of 200 μIm. We observe the acceleration of a positron bunch with energies up to 33.4 MeV in a 25 cm long channel, indicating an effective gradient greater than 100 MeV/m. This is the first demonstration of a technique that way be used for staged acceleration of positron beams in plasma.

• Pfingstner, Juergen; Adli, Erik; Lindstrøm, Carl Andreas; Marin, E. & Schulte, D (2016). Considerations for a drive beam scheme for a plasma wakefield linear collider. In Petit-Jean-Genaz, Christine; Kim, Dong Eon; Kim, Kyung Sook; Ko, In Soo; Kim, Kyung Ryul & Schaa, Volker RW (Ed.), Proceedings of the 7th International Particle Accelerator Conference. JACoW. ISSN 978-3-95450-147-2. p. 2565–2568. Show summary

  The potential for high average gradients makes plasma wakefield acceleration (PWFA) an attracting option for future linear colliders. For a beam-driven PWFA collider a sequence of cells has to be supplied with synchronised drive beam bunches. This paper is concerned with the generation, transport and distribution of these drive beam bunches in a so-called drive beam complex for a 3 TeV collider. Based on earlier concepts, several modifications are suggested. The new design includes a superconducting linac and an optimised bunch delay system with a tree structure. To verify the feasibility for the overall complex, a lattice design and tracking studies for the critical bending arc subsystem are presented. Also the feasibility of a compact bunch separation system is shown. The result of these efforts is a drive beam complex that is optimised for construction cost and power efficiency that favours unified lattice solutions.

• Lindstrøm, Carl Andreas; Adli, Erik; Pfingstner, Juergen; Marin, E. & Schulte, D (2016). Transverse tolerances of a multi-stage plasma wakefield accelerator. In Petit-Jean-Genaz, Christine; Kim, Dong Eon; Kim, Kyung Sook; Ko, In Soo; Kim, Kyung Ryul & Schaa, Volker RW (Ed.), Proceedings of the 7th International Particle Accelerator Conference. JACoW. ISSN 978-3-95450-147-2. p. 2561–2564. Show summary

  Plasma wakefield acceleration (PWFA) provides GeV/m-scale accelerating fields, ideal for applications such as a future linear collider. However, strong focusing fields imply that a transversely offset beam with an energy spread will experience emittance growth from the energy depen- dent betatron oscillation. We develop an analytic model for estimating tolerances from this effect, as well as an effective simplified simulation tool in Elegant. Estimations for a proposed 1 TeV PWFA linear collider scheme indicate tight tolerances of order 40 nm and 1 μrad in position and angle respectively.

• Adli, Erik; Lindstrøm, Carl Andreas; Allen, James; Clarke, Christine; Frederico, Joel & Gessner, Spencer [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2016). Transverse oscillations in plasma wakefield experiments at FACET. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A : Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. ISSN 0168-9002. 829, p. 94–98. doi: 10.1016/j.nima.2016.02.054. Show summary

  We study transverse effects in a plasma wakefield accelerator. Experimental data from FACET with asymmetry in the beam-plasma system is presented. Energy dependent centroid oscillations are observed on the accelerated part of the charge. The experimental results are compared to PIC simulations and theoretical estimates.

• Adli, Erik; Berglyd Olsen, Veronica Kristine; Lindstrøm, Carl Andreas; Muggli, Patric; Reimann, O. & Vieira, Jorge [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2016). Progress of plasma wakefield self-modulation experiments at FACET. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A : Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. ISSN 0168-9002. 829, p. 334–338. doi: 10.1016/j.nima.2016.02.075. Show summary

  Simulations and theory predict that long electron and positron beams may under favorable conditions self-modulate in plasmas. We report on the progress of experiments studying the self-modulation instability in plasma wakefield experiments at FACET. The experimental results obtained so far, while not being fully conclusive, appear to be consistent with the presence of the self-modulation instability.

• Gessner, Spencer; Adli, Erik; Allen, James; An, Weiming; Clarke, Christine & Clayton, Christopher E. [Show all 24 contributors for this article] (2016). Demonstration of a positron beam-driven hollow channel plasma wakefield accelerator. Nature Communications. ISSN 2041-1723. 7:11785. doi: 10.1038/ncomms11785. Show summary

  Plasma wakefield accelerators have been used to accelerate electron and positron particle beams with gradients that are orders of magnitude larger than those achieved in conventional accelerators. In addition to being accelerated by the plasma wakefield, the beam particles also experience strong transverse forces that may disrupt the beam quality. Hollow plasma channels have been proposed as a technique for generating accelerating fields without transverse forces. Here we demonstrate a method for creating an extended hollow plasma channel and measure the wakefields created by an ultrarelativistic positron beam as it propagates through the channel. The plasma channel is created by directing a high-intensity laser pulse with a spatially modulated profile into lithium vapour, which results in an annular region of ionization. A peak decelerating field of 230 MeV/m is inferred from changes in the beam energy spectrum, in good agreement with theory and particle-in-cell simulations.

• Lindstrøm, Carl Andreas & Adli, Erik (2016). Design of general apochromatic drift-quadrupole beam lines. Physical Review Special Topics. Accelerators and Beams. ISSN 1098-4402. 19:071002(7). doi: 10.1103/PhysRevAccelBeams.19.071002. Show summary

  Chromatic errors are normally corrected using sextupoles in regions of large dispersion. In low emittance linear accelerators, use of sextupoles can be challenging. Apochromatic focusing is a lesser-known alternative approach, whereby chromatic errors of Twiss parameters are corrected without the use of sextupoles, and has consequently been subject to renewed interest in advanced linear accelerator research. Proof of principle designs were first established by Montague and Ruggiero and developed more recently by Balandin et al. We describe a general method for designing drift-quadrupole beam lines of arbitrary order in apochromatic correction, including analytic expressions for emittance growth and other merit functions. Worked examples are shown for plasma wakefield accelerator staging optics and for a simple final focus system.

• Lindstrøm, Carl Andreas; Adli, Erik; Allen, James; Delahaye, Jean-Pierre; Hogan, Mark J. & Joshi, Chan [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2016). Staging Optics Considerations for a Plasma Wakefield Acceleration Linear Collider. Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section A : Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors and Associated Equipment. ISSN 0168-9002. 829, p. 224–228. doi: 10.1016/j.nima.2015.12.065. Show summary

  Plasma wakefield acceleration offers acceleration gradients of several GeV/m, ideal for a next-generation linear collider. The beam optics requirements between plasma cells include injection and extraction of drive beams, matching the main beam beta functions into the next cell, canceling dispersion as well as constraining bunch lengthening and chromaticity. To maintain a high effective acceleration gradient, this must be accomplished in the shortest distance possible. A working example is presented, using novel methods to correct chromaticity, as well as scaling laws for a high energy regime.

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• Sjobak, Kyrre Ness; Adli, Erik; Bergamaschi, Michele; Burger, Stephane; Corsini, Roberto & Curcio, Alessandro [Show all 30 contributors for this article] (2019). Status of the CLEAR electron beam user facility at CERN. Show summary

  The CERN Linear Electron Accelerator for Research (CLEAR) has now finished its second year of operation, providing a testbed for new accelerator technologies and a versatile radiation source. Hosting a varied experimental program, this beamline provides a flexible test facility for users both internal and external to CERN, as well as being an excellent accelerator physics training ground. The energy can be varied between 60 and 220 MeV, bunch length between 1 and 4 ps, bunch charge in the range 10 pC to 2 nC, and number of bunches in the range 1 to 200, at a repetition rate of 0.8 to 10 Hz. The status of the facility with an overview of the recent experimental results is presented.

• Corsini, Roberto; Gamba, Davide; Farabolini, Wilfrid; Curcio, Alessandro; Doebert, Steffen & García Alía, Rubén [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2018). FIRST EXPERIMENTS AT THE CLEAR USER FACILITY.
• Lindstrøm, Carl Andreas (2016). Emittance preserving staging optics for PWFA and LWFA.
• Adli, Erik & Lindstrøm, Carl Andreas (2016). Long-range attraction of an ultrarelativistic electron beam by a column of neutral plasma.
• Lindstrøm, Carl Andreas (2016). Experimental Measurements of the Hollow Channel PWFA Transverse Instability.
• Muggli, Patric; Reimann, O.; Amorim, L. D.; Lopes, N. C.; Silva, L. O. & Vieira, J. M. [Show all 22 contributors for this article] (2015). Measuring the Self-modulation Instability of Electron and Positron Bunches in Plasmas, Proceedings of the 6th International Particle Accelerator Conference. Jefferson Lab, Newport News. ISSN 978-3-95450-168-7. p. 2506–2508. Show summary

  We briefly describe some of the features of the E209 experiment at SLAC-FACET. The experiment aims at studying the physics of the self-modulation instability of long electron and positron bunches in dense plasmas. Encouraging initial results were obtained so far. Further experiments will take place soon.

• Lindstrøm, Carl Andreas (2015). Interstage optics design for a plasma wakefield linear collider. Show summary

  Plasma wakefield acceleration offers acceleration gradients of several GeV/m as well as high power efficiency, ideal for a next-generation linear collider. The beam optics requirements between each plasma stage include injection and extraction of drive beams, controlling and matching the main beam beta functions to the plasma, cancelling dispersion as well as constraining bunch lengthening and chromaticity. To maintain a high effective acceleration gradient, this must be accomplished in the shortest distance possible. We present scaling laws for a working design, including a discussion of novel methods to address chromaticity correction.

• Lindstrøm, Carl Andreas (2015). Ideas for a sextupole-free final focus system.
• Lindstrøm, Carl Andreas (2015). Interstage Optics Design for a PWFA Linear Collider.
• Lindstrøm, Carl Andreas (2015). Framework for global chromaticity correction using linear optics, with applications to plasma wakefield staging optics.
• Lindstrøm, Carl Andreas; Adli, Erik & Berglyd Olsen, Veronica Kristine (2015). Nå tar også positronene bølgen. [Internet]. Fysisk Institutt: Forskning.
• Lindstrøm, Carl A. (2019). Emittance growth and preservation in a plasmabased linear collider. Universitetet i Oslo.

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