Yaqi Jin

Jin Y, Moen JI & Miloch WJ: GPS scintillation effects associated with polar cap patches and substorm auroral activity: direct comparison. J. Space Weather Space Clim., 2014, 4, A23, doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/swsc/2014019.

Jin, Y., J. I. Moen, and W. J. Miloch (2015), On the collocation of the cusp aurora and the GPS phase scintillation: A statistical study, J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics, 120, doi:10.1002/2015JA021449.

Jin, Y., X. Zhou, J. Moen, and M. Hairston (2016), The Auroral-Ionosphere TEC Response to an Interplanetary Shock. Geophys. Res. Lett., 42, doi: 10.1002/2016GL067766.

Jin, Y., J. I. Moen, W. J. Miloch, L. B. N. Clausen, and K. Oksavik (2016), Statistical study of the GNSS phase scintillation associated with two types of auroral blobs, J. Geophys. Res. Space Physics, 121, doi:10.1002/2016JA022613.

• Wood, Alan G.; Donegan-Lawley, Elizabeth E.; Clausen, Lasse; Spogli, Luca; Urbář, Jaroslav & Jin, Yaqi [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2024). Statistical models of the variability of plasma in the topside ionosphere: 1. Development and optimisation. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate. ISSN 2115-7251. 14. doi: 10.1051/swsc/2024002.
• Spogli, Luca; Jin, Yaqi; Urbář, Jaroslav; Wood, Alan G.; Donegan-Lawley, Elizabeth E. & Clausen, Lasse [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2024). Statistical models of the variability of plasma in the topside ionosphere: 2. Performance assessment. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate. ISSN 2115-7251. 14. doi: 10.1051/swsc/2024003.
• Zhang, Kedeng; Wang, Hui; Xia, Hao; Wang, Wenbin; Liu, Jing & Zhang, Shunrong [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). The Turkey Earthquake Induced Equatorial Ionospheric Current Disturbances on 6 February 2023. Remote Sensing. ISSN 2072-4292. 16(2). doi: 10.3390/rs16020272.
• Enengl, Florine; Spogli, L.; Kotova, Daria; Jin, Yaqi; Oksavik, Kjellmar & Partamies, Noora [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). Investigation of Ionospheric Small-Scale Plasma Structures Associated With Particle Precipitation. Space Weather. ISSN 1542-7390. 22(1). doi: 10.1029/2023SW003605.
• Zhang, Kedeng; Song, Huimin; Wang, Hui; Liu, Jing; Wang, Wenbin & Wan, Xin [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Dynamics of the Tongue of Ionizations During the Geomagnetic Storm on 7 September 2015: The Altitudinal Dependences. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 128(11). doi: 10.1029/2023JA031735. Full text in Research Archive
• Jin, Yaqi; Moen, Jøran Idar; Spicher, Andres; Liu, Jianjun; Clausen, Lasse & Miloch, Wojciech Jacek (2023). Ionospheric Flow Vortex Induced by the Sudden Decrease in the Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 128(11). doi: 10.1029/2023JA031690. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Abrupt changes in the solar wind dynamic pressure can greatly affect the Earth's magnetosphere-ionosphere system. We present an ionospheric flow vortex in the morning sector during the sudden decrease in the solar wind dynamic pressure. The flow vortex was clearly observed by both the Hankasalmi radar and the azimuthal scan mode of the European Incoherent Scatter (EISCAT) Svalbard Radar (ESR). The flow vortex was first seen in the eastern field of view (FOV) of the Hankasalmi radar, and then propagated poleward and westward into the FOV of the ESR. During the passage of the flow vortex, a gradual decrease of electron density was observed by the field-aligned ESR 42 m antenna. When the equatorward directed ionospheric flow reached the ESR site, weak and visible increases in the electron density and electron temperature were observed. This impact was likely caused by soft electron precipitation associated with the clockwise flow vortex and upward field-aligned current. The azimuthal scan mode of the ESR 32 m radar at low elevation angle (30°) allowed us to measure key ionospheric parameters over a larger area (6° in latitude and 120° in azimuthal angle). The latitudinal scan of the electron temperature was used to proxy the equatorward auroral boundary, which shows that the flow vortex was located in the subauroral region. We further demonstrated that it is possible to study the weak increase of electron density by using GPS total electron content (TEC) data. A minor TEC increase was observed near the center of the flow vortex.

• Ivarsen, Magnus Fagernes; Jin, Yaqi; Spicher, Andres; St-Maurice, Jean-Pierre; Park, Jaeheung & Billett, Daniel (2023). GNSS Scintillations in the Cusp, and the Role of Precipitating Particle Energy Fluxes. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 128(10). doi: 10.1029/2023JA031849. Full text in Research Archive
• Yu, Tingting; Cai, Xuguang; Ren, Zhipeng; Wang, Zihan; Pedatella, Nicholas. M. & Jin, Yaqi (2023). Investigation of Interhemispheric Asymmetry of the Thermospheric Composition Observed by GOLD During the First Strong Geomagnetic Storm in Solar-Cycle 25, 1: IMF B<inf>y</inf> Effects. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 128(10). doi: 10.1029/2023JA031429. Full text in Research Archive
• Jin, Yaqi; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Kotova, Daria; Jacobsen, Knut Stanley; Stevanović, Đorđe & Clausen, Lasse [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Modeling TEC Irregularities in the Arctic Ionosphere Using Empirical Orthogonal Function Method. Space Weather. ISSN 1542-7390. 21(8). doi: 10.1029/2023SW003531. Full text in Research Archive
• Ivarsen, Magnus Fagernes; St‐Maurice, Jean-Pierre; Hussey, Glenn C.; Spicher, Andres; Jin, Yaqi & Lozinsky, Adam [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2023). Measuring small-scale plasma irregularities in the high-latitude E- and F-regions simultaneously. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 13. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-38777-4. Full text in Research Archive
• Song, Hosub; Park, Jaeheung; Jin, Yaqi; Otsuka, Yuichi; Buchert, Stephan & Lee, Jaejin [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Tandem Observations of Nighttime Mid-Latitude Topside Ionospheric Perturbations. Space Weather. ISSN 1542-7390. 21(2). doi: 10.1029/2022SW003312. Full text in Research Archive
• Enengl, Florine; Kotova, Daria; Jin, Yaqi; Clausen, Lasse & Miloch, Wojciech Jacek (2023). Ionospheric plasma structuring in relation to auroral particle precipitation. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate. ISSN 2115-7251. 13(4). doi: 10.1051/swsc/2022038.
• Zheng, Yuhao; Xiong, Chao; Jin, Yaqi; Liu, Dun; Oksavik, Kjellmar & Xu, Chunyu [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2022). The refractive and diffractive contributions to GPS signal scintillation at high latitudes during the geomagnetic storm on 7-8 September 2017. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate. ISSN 2115-7251. 12. doi: 10.1051/swsc/2022036. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Different indices have been used to reflect, or monitor the ionospheric scintillation, e.g. the detrended carrier phase, σφ, S4, the rate of change of the vertical total electron content index (vROTI), as well as the ionosphere‐free linear combination (IFLC) of two carrier phases. However, few studies have been performed to investigate the refractive and diffractive contributions to these indices, especially during geomagnetic storms. In this study, we analyze the high-resolution (50 Hz) phase and amplitude measurements from four high-latitude stations in Svalbard, Norway during the geomagnetic storm on 7–8 September 2017. Our results show that at high latitudes, the high-pass filter with a standard cutoff frequency of 0.1 Hz sometimes cannot effectively remove the refraction-driven phase variations, especially during the geomagnetic storm, leading to a remaining refraction contribution to the detrended carrier phase and σφ when scintillation happens. In the meanwhile, as vROTI is sensitive to the TEC gradients, regardless of small- or large-scale ionospheric structures, both refraction and diffraction effects can cause visible fluctuations of vROTI. For most of the scintillation events, the phase indices (including detrended carrier phase, σφ, and vROTI), IFLC, and S4 show consistent fluctuations, indicating that diffraction usually occurs simultaneously with refraction during scintillation. One interesting feature is that although the IFLC and S4 are thought to be both related to the diffraction effect, they do not always show simultaneous correspondence during scintillations. The IFLC is enhanced during the geomagnetic storm, while such a feature is not seen in S4. We suggest that the enhanced IFLC during the geomagnetic storm is caused by the increased high-frequency phase power, which should be related to the enhanced density of small-scale irregularities during storm periods.

• Kotova, Daria; Jin, Yaqi; Spogli, Luca; Wood, Alan G.; Urbar, Jaroslav & Rawling, James T. [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2022). Electron density fluctuations from Swarm as a proxy for ground-based scintillation data: A statistical perspective. Advances in Space Research. ISSN 0273-1177. doi: 10.1016/j.asr.2022.11.042. Full text in Research Archive
• Jin, Yaqi; Kotova, Daria; Xiong, Chao; Brask, Steffen Mattias; Clausen, Lasse & Kervalishvili, Guram [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2022). Ionospheric Plasma IRregularities - IPIR - data product based on data from the Swarm satellites. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 127(4). doi: 10.1029/2021JA030183.
• Paziewski, Jacek; Høeg, Per; Sieradzki, Rafal; Jin, Yaqi; Jarmolowski, Wojciech & Hoque, M. Mainul [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2022). The implications of ionospheric disturbances for precise GNSS positioning in Greenland. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate. ISSN 2115-7251. 12. doi: 10.1051/swsc/2022029. Full text in Research Archive
• Wood, Alan G.; Alfonsi, Lucilla; Clausen, Lasse; Jin, Yaqi; Spogli, Luca & Urbář, Jaroslav [Show all 19 contributors for this article] (2022). Variability of Ionospheric Plasma: Results from the ESA Swarm Mission. Space Science Reviews. ISSN 0038-6308. 218(6). doi: 10.1007/s11214-022-00916-0. Full text in Research Archive
• Song, Hosub; Park, Jaeheung; Buchert, Stephan; Jin, Yaqi; Chao, Chi Kuang & Lee, Jaejin [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). A Small Peak in the Swarm-LP Plasma Density Data at the Dayside Dip Equator. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 127(7). doi: 10.1029/2022JA030319. Full text in Research Archive
• Urbar, Jaroslav; Spogli, Luca; Cicone, Antonio; Clausen, Lasse; Jin, Yaqi & Wood, Alan G. [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2022). Multi-scale response of the high-latitude topside ionosphere to geospace forcing. Advances in Space Research. ISSN 0273-1177. doi: 10.1016/j.asr.2022.06.045. Full text in Research Archive
• Jin, Yaqi; Clausen, Lasse; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Høeg, Per; Jarmołowski, Wojciech & Wielgosz, Pawel [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2022). Climatology and modeling of ionospheric irregularities over Greenland based on empirical orthogonal function method. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate. ISSN 2115-7251. 12(23). doi: 10.1051/swsc/2022022. Full text in Research Archive
• Spicher, Andres; LaBelle, James; Bonnell, John W.; Roglans, Roger; Moser, Chrystal & Fuselier, Stephen A. [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2022). Interferometric Study of Ionospheric Plasma Irregularities in Regions of Phase Scintillations and HF Backscatter. Geophysical Research Letters. ISSN 0094-8276. 49(12). doi: 10.1029/2021GL097013. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We investigate the nature of small-scale irregularities observed in the cusp by the Twin Rockets to Investigate Cusp Electrodynamics-2 (TRICE-2) in regions of enhanced phase scintillations and high-frequency coherent radar backscatter. We take advantage of the fact that the irregularities were detected by spatially separated probes, and present an interferometric analysis of both the observed electron density and electric field fluctuations. We provide evidence that fluctuations spanning a few decameters to about a meter have low phase velocity in the plasma reference frame and are nondispersive, confirming that decameter-scale irregularities follow the E × B velocity. Furthermore, we show that these “spatial” structures are intermittent and prominent outside of regions with strongest precipitation. The observations are then discussed in the context of possible mechanisms for irregularity creation.

• Kotova, Daria; Jin, Yaqi & Miloch, Wojciech Jacek (2022). Interhemispheric variability of the electron density and derived parameters by the Swarm satellites during different solar activity. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate. ISSN 2115-7251. 12, p. 1–21. doi: 10.1051/swsc/2022007. Full text in Research Archive
• Belakhovsky, V.B.; Jin, Yaqi & Miloch, Wojciech Jacek (2022). Dayside Scintillations of GPS Signals According to the Observations on the Svalbard Archipelago. Bulletin of the Russian Academy of Sciences: Physics. ISSN 1062-8738. 86(3), p. 348–353. doi: 10.3103/S1062873822030066.
• Ivarsen, Magnus Fagernes; Park, Jaeheung; Jin, Yaqi & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock (2021). Ionospheric Plasma Fluctuations Induced by the NWC Very Low Frequency Signal Transmitter. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 126(5). doi: 10.1029/2021JA029213. Full text in Research Archive
• Monte-Moreno, Enric; Hernández-Pajares, Manuel; Yang, Heng; Alberto Garcia, Rigo; Jin, Yaqi & Høeg, Per [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2021). Method for Forecasting Ionospheric Electron Content Fluctuations Based on the Optical Flow Algorithm. IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing. ISSN 0196-2892. doi: 10.1109/TGRS.2021.3126888.
• Belakhovsky, Vladimir Borisovich; Jin, Yaqi & Miloch, Wojciech Jacek (2021). Influence of different types of ionospheric disturbances on GPS signals at polar latitudes. Annales Geophysicae. ISSN 0992-7689. 39, p. 687–700. doi: 10.5194/angeo-39-687-2021. Full text in Research Archive
• Jin, Yaqi; Clausen, Lasse; Spicher, Andres; Ivarsen, Magnus Fagernes; Zhang, Yongliang & Miloch, Wojciech Jacek [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2021). Statistical Distribution of Decameter Scale (50 m) Ionospheric Irregularities at High Latitudes. Geophysical Research Letters. ISSN 0094-8276. 48(19). doi: 10.1029/2021GL094794. Full text in Research Archive
• Ivarsen, Magnus Fagernes; Jin, Yaqi; Spicher, Andres; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek & Clausen, Lasse (2021). The Lifetimes of Plasma Structures at High Latitudes. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 126. doi: 10.1029/2020JA028117. Full text in Research Archive
• Ivarsen, Magnus Fagernes; St-Maurice, Jean-Pierre; Jin, Yaqi; Park, Jaeheung; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek & Spicher, Andres [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2021). Steepening Plasma Density Spectra in the Ionosphere: The Crucial Role Played by a Strong E-Region. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 126(8). doi: 10.1029/2021JA029401. Full text in Research Archive
• Zakharov, V.I.; Chernyshov, A.A.; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek & Jin, Yaqi (2020). Influence of the Ionosphere on the Parameters of the GPS Navigation Signals during a Geomagnetic Substorm. Geomagnetism and Aeronomy. ISSN 0016-7932. 60(6), p. 754–767. doi: 10.1134/S0016793220060158.
• Belakhovsky, V.B.; Jin, Yaqi & Miloch, Wojciech Jacek (2020). Influence of Different Ionospheric Disturbances on the GPS Scintillations at High Latitudes. Springer Proceedings in Earth and Environmental Sciences. ISSN 2524-342X. p. 281–287. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-21788-4_24.
• Belakhovsky, V.B.; Jin, Yaqi & Miloch, Wojciech Jacek (2020). Influence of the substorm precipitation and polar cap patches on GPS signals at high latitudes. Sovremennye Problemy Distantsionnogo Zondirovaniya Zemli iz Kosmosa. ISSN 2070-7401. 17(6), p. 139–144. doi: 10.21046/2070-7401-2020-17-6-139-144.
• Ivarsen, Magnus Fagernes; Park, Jaeheung; Kwak, Young-Sil; Jin, Yaqi; Knudsen, D. J. & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock (2020). Observational Evidence for the Role of Hall Conductance in Alfvén Wave Reflection. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 125(12). doi: 10.1029/2020JA028119. Full text in Research Archive
• Jin, Yaqi & Xiong, Chao (2020). Interhemispheric asymmetry of large‐scale electron density gradients in the polar cap ionosphere: UT and seasonal variations. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 125(2). doi: 10.1029/2019JA027601. Full text in Research Archive
• Chernyshov, Alexander A.; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Jin, Yaqi & Zakharov, Viktor I. (2020). Relationship between TEC jumps and auroral substorm in the high-latitude ionosphere. Scientific Reports. ISSN 2045-2322. 10. doi: 10.1038/s41598-020-63422-9. Full text in Research Archive
• Jin, Yaqi; Xiong, Chao; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Spicher, Andres; Kotova, Daria & Brask, Steffen [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2020). Ionospheric Plasma Irregularities Based on In Situ Measurements From the Swarm Satellites. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 125(7). doi: 10.1029/2020JA028103. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  In this study, we present global climatological distributions of ionospheric plasma irregularities based on measurements by the Swarm satellites. These first global statistics obtained by direct, in situ measurements of plasma variations with Swarm confirm the presence of three main regions of strong ionospheric irregularities: the magnetic equator extending from postsunset to early morning, in the auroral ovals (from dayside cusp to nightside), and inside the polar caps. At equatorial latitudes, ionospheric irregularities form two bands of enhanced plasma fluctuations centered around ±10° magnetic latitude. Due to different plasma processes, ionospheric irregularities at high and low latitudes show different distributions. Though the averaged intensity of plasma irregularities is weaker at equatorial latitudes than at high latitudes, the occurrence rate of significant plasma fluctuations (corresponding to extreme events) is much higher at the equator than that at high latitudes. Equatorial irregularities display clear seasonal and longitudinal variations; that is, they are most prominent over South America during the December solstice and are located over Africa during the June solstice. The magnitude of ionospheric irregularities at all latitudes is strongly controlled by the solar activity. Ionospheric irregularities become significantly weaker after 2016 during the current declining phase of solar activity. The interplanetary magnetic field Bz modulates the occurrence of ionospheric irregularities at both high and low latitudes.

• Spicher, Andres; Deshpande, Kshitija; Jin, Yaqi; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Zettergren, Matthew D. & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2020). On the Production of Ionospheric Irregularities Via Kelvin-Helmholtz Instability Associated with Cusp Flow Channels. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 125(6). doi: 10.1029/2019JA027734. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  We present a multi‐instrument multiscale study of a channel of enhanced, inhomogeneous flow in the cusp ionosphere occurring on November 30, 2014. We provide evidence that strong Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) phase scintillations indices (σϕ>0.5 rad) can arise from such events, indicating that they are important in the context of space weather impacts on technology. We compare in detail two‐dimensional maps of ionospheric density, velocity, and temperatures obtained by the European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association Svalbard Radar with scintillation indices detected from a network of four GNSS receivers around Svalbard and examine the different sources of free energy for irregularity creation. We observe that the strongest phase scintillations occur on the poleward side of the flow channel in a region of sheared plasma motion and structured low‐energy particle precipitation. As inhomogeneous plasma flows are evident in our observations, we perform a quantitative, nonlinear analysis of the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability (KHI) and its impact on phase scintillations using numerical simulations from the first principles‐based Geospace Environment Model of Ion‐Neutral Interactions and Satellite‐beacon Ionospheric‐scintillation Global Model of the upper Atmosphere. Using representative values consistent with the radar data, we show that KHI can efficiently create density structures along with considerable scintillations and is thus likely to contribute significantly under similar conditions, which are frequent in the cusp.

• Ivarsen, Magnus Fagernes; Hoang, Huy Minh; Yang, Lei; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Spicher, Andres & Jin, Yaqi [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2019). Multineedle Langmuir Probe Operation and Acute Probe Current Susceptibility to Spacecraft Potential. IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science. ISSN 0093-3813. 47(8), p. 3816–3823. doi: 10.1109/TPS.2019.2906377. Full text in Research Archive
• Follestad, Anna Kristine Fæhn; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Thomas, E.G.; Jin, Yaqi & Coster, A. (2019). Polar cap patch prediction in the expanding contracting polar cap paradigm. Space Weather. ISSN 1542-7390. 17(11), p. 1570–1583. doi: 10.1029/2019SW002276. Full text in Research Archive
• Xiong, Chao; Yin, Fan; Luo, Xiaomin; Jin, Yaqi & Wan, Xin (2019). Plasma patches inside the polar cap and auroral oval: The impact on the spaceborne GPS receiver. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate. ISSN 2115-7251. 9. doi: 10.1051/swsc/2019028. Full text in Research Archive
• Jin, Yaqi; Moen, Jøran Idar; Spicher, Andres; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). Simultaneous rocket and scintillation observations of plasma irregularities associated with a reversed flow event in the cusp ionosphere. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 124(8), p. 7098–7111. doi: 10.1029/2019JA026942. Full text in Research Archive
• Han, De-Sheng; Xu, Tong; Jin, Yaqi; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Chen, Xiangcai & Liu, Jian-Jun [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). Observational evidence for throat aurora being associated with magnetopause reconnection. Geophysical Research Letters. ISSN 0094-8276. 46(13), p. 7113–7120. doi: 10.1029/2019GL083593. Full text in Research Archive
• Ivarsen, Magnus Fagernes; Jin, Yaqi; Spicher, Andres & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock (2019). Direct Evidence for the Dissipation of Small-Scale Ionospheric Plasma Structures by a Conductive E Region. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 124(4), p. 2935–2942. doi: 10.1029/2019JA026500. Full text in Research Archive
• Jin, Yaqi; Spicher, Andres; Xiong, Chao; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Kervalishvili, Guram & Stolle, Claudia [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Ionospheric Plasma Irregularities Characterized by the Swarm Satellites: Statistics at High Latitudes. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 124(2), p. 1262–1282. doi: 10.1029/2018JA026063. Full text in Research Archive
• Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Jin, Yaqi; Xiong, Chao; Kervalishvili, Guram; Spicher, Andres & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Ionospheric plasma irregularities studied with Swarm satellites. E3S Web of Conferences. ISSN 2267-1242. 62, p. 1–6. doi: 10.1051/e3sconf/20186201009. Full text in Research Archive
• Jin, Yaqi; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Moen, Jøran Idar & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock (2018). Solar cycle and seasonal variations of the GPS phase scintillation at high latitudes. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate. ISSN 2115-7251. 8. doi: 10.1051/swsc/2018034. Full text in Research Archive
• Jin, Yaqi & Oksavik, Kjellmar (2018). GPS Scintillations and Losses of Signal Lock at High Latitudes During the 2015 St. Patrick's Day Storm. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 123(9), p. 7943–7957. doi: 10.1029/2018JA025933. Full text in Research Archive
• Chernyshov, Aleksander A.; Spicher, Andres; Ilyasov, Askar A.; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Saito, Yoshifumi [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2018). Studies of small-scale plasma inhomogeneities in the cusp ionosphere using sounding rocket data. Physics of Plasmas. ISSN 1070-664X. 25(4). doi: 10.1063/1.5026281. Full text in Research Archive
• Spicher, Andres; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Lofstad, Victoria; Jin, Yaqi & Moen, Jøran Idar (2017). Interhemispheric study of polar cap patch occurrence based on Swarm in situ data. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. doi: 10.1002/2016JA023750. Full text in Research Archive
• Jin, Yaqi; Moen, Jøran Idar; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Spicher, Andres; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Miloch, Wojciech Jacek (2017). GPS scintillations associated with cusp dynamics and polar cap patches. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate. ISSN 2115-7251. 7. doi: 10.1051/swsc/2017022. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  This paper investigates the relative scintillation level associated with cusp dynamics (including precipitation, flow shears, etc.) with and without the formation of polar cap patches around the cusp inflow region by the EISCAT Svalbard radar (ESR) and two GPS scintillation receivers. A series of polar cap patches were observed by the ESR between 8:40 and 10:20 UT on December 3, 2011. The polar cap patches combined with the auroral dynamics were associated with a significantly higher GPS phase scintillation level (up to 0.6 rad) than those observed for the other two alternatives, i.e., cusp dynamics without polar cap patches, and polar cap patches without cusp aurora. The cusp auroral dynamics without plasma patches were indeed related to GPS phase scintillations at a moderate level (up to 0.3 rad). The polar cap patches away from the active cusp were associated with sporadic and moderate GPS phase scintillations (up to 0.2 rad). The main conclusion is that the worst global navigation satellite system space weather events on the dayside occur when polar cap patches enter the polar cap and are subject to particle precipitation and flow shears, which is analogous to the nightside when polar cap patches exit the polar cap and enter the auroral oval.

• Jin, Yaqi; Moen, Jøran Idar; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Oksavik, Kjellmar (2016). Statistical study of the GNSS phase scintillation associated with two types of auroral blobs. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 121(5), p. 4679–4697. doi: 10.1002/2016JA022613.
• Jin, Yaqi; Zhou, Xiaoyan; Moen, Jøran Idar & Hairston, Marc (2016). The auroral ionosphere TEC response to an interplanetary shock. Geophysical Research Letters. ISSN 0094-8276. 43(5), p. 1810–1818. doi: 10.1002/2016GL067766.
• Jin, Yaqi; Moen, Jøran Idar & Miloch, Wojciech Jacek (2015). On the collocation of the cusp aurora and the GPS phase scintillation: a statistical study. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 120(10), p. 9176–9191. doi: 10.1002/2015JA021449.
• Bjoland, Lindis Merete; Chen, Xiangcai; Jin, Yaqi; Reimer, Ashton S.; Skjæveland, Åsmund & Wessel, Matthew R. [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2015). Interplanetary magnetic field and solar cycle dependence of Northern Hemisphere F region joule heating. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Space Physics. ISSN 2169-9380. 120(2), p. 1478–1487. doi: 10.1002/2014JA020586.
• Jin, Yaqi; Moen, Jøran Idar & Miloch, Wojciech Jacek (2014). GPS scintillation effects associated with polar cap patches and substorm auroral activity: direct comparison. Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate. ISSN 2115-7251. 4. doi: 10.1051/swsc/2014019.

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• Spicher, Andres; Kvammen, Andreas; Zettergren, M.; Roglans, Roger; Bonnell, John W & LaBelle, James [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2024). Characterizing ionospheric turbulence on the poleward side of the cusp using sounding rocket observations and modelling work.
• Ivarsen, Magnus Fagernes; St-Maurice, Jean-Pierre; Hussey, Glenn & Jin, Yaqi (2023). How does auroral morphology affect ionospheric irregularities?
• Spicher, Andres; Kvammen, Andreas; LaBelle, James; Zettergren, Matthew D.; Bonnell, John W. & Roglans, Roger [Show all 20 contributors for this article] (2023). Examining the relevance of different instability mechanisms in causing ionospheric cusp irregularities based on sounding rocket data and numerical simulations.
• Enengl, Florine; Spogli, Luca; Kotova, Daria; Jin, Yaqi; Oksavik, Kjellmar & Partamies, Noora [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). On the formation of small-scale irregularities driven by auroral particle precipitation.
• Kotova, Daria; Jin, Yaqi & Miloch, Wojciech Jacek (2022). Interhemispheric investigation of variability of ionospheric parameters measured by the Swarm satellites for quiet geomagnetic conditions. Show summary

  The use of satellite data allows us to study the variability of ionospheric plasma parameters globally without references to ground stations or receivers in different regions of the Earth. The Swarm mission, which was launched in November 2013 and is still operational, allows us to investigate the effects of decreasing solar activity on ionospheric variability. We use the Swarm in-situ measurements of the electron density and derived parameters that have been combined into a unique dataset called the Ionospheric Plasma IRregularities product (IPIR) [1]. IPIR provides characteristics of the plasma variability along the orbit and gives information on plasma density structures in the ionosphere in terms of their amplitudes, gradients and spatial scales. In this study, we focused on distributions and statistics of these parameters in the Northern and Southern hemispheres for quiet geomagnetic conditions. Our results provide information on the shape of the distribution and probability density functions of electron density and derived ionospheric parameters that can be used as a baseline important for other modeling studies. Understanding the distribution of such parameters in the context of the geomagnetic activity and selected ionospheric regions can have implications for the development of new satellite instruments and for the accuracy of GNSS precise positioning. This work was supported by the European Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (ERC Consolidator Grant agreement No. 866357, POLAR-4DSpace).

• Kotova, Daria; Jin, Yaqi; Spogli, Luca; Wood, Alan G.; Alfonsi, Lucilla & Urbar, Jaroslav [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2022). Comparison Of Electron Density Fluctuations From Swarm Satellites With The Ground-based Scintillation Data: A Statistical Perspective. Show summary

  The Swarm satellite mission is actively used to conduct various studies of the ionosphere, focusing on such aspects as the electric and magnetic fields or plasma temperature, structuring and irregularities. The mission is a constellation of three satellites that were launched in November 2013 and have been collecting data continuously since then. We use a global product based on the Swarm satellite measurements that characterizes ionospheric irregularities and fluctuations. The IPIR (Ionospheric Plasma IRregularities product) provides in-situ characteristics of plasma density structures in the ionosphere, of plasma irregularities in terms of their amplitudes, gradients and spatial scales and assigns them to geomagnetic regions. Ionospheric irregularities and fluctuations are often the cause increases the error in position, velocity, time determination based on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS), which signals pass through the ionosphere. The IPIR provides an indication, in the form of a numerical value index, on severity of irregularities for the integrity of trans-ionospheric radio signals and hence the accuracy of GNSS precise positioning. This work demonstrates that data from the Swarm satellite's flyby height can be used as a proxy for ground-based scintillation data. We compare two datasets from Swarm satellites (with 1-second resolution) and from groundbased scintillation receivers (with 1-minute resolution). To consider the measured parameters for the same area, we find time intervals when the Swarm satellites pass over the field of view of the ground-based Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver. A geometry with an elevation angle of 30° above the receiver was used to calculate these passes. We also performed an azimuthal selection of the GNSS data according to Swarm satellite fly. We used only those GPS satellites that flew near the position of the Swarm satellite in azimuth sector ±10°. We provide validations of the IPIR product against the ground-based measurements, focusing on GPS TEC and scintillation data in low and high-latitudes regions in different longitudinal sectors. We calculate median, mean, maximum and standard deviation values for parameters for both dataset for each conjunction point (for each GPS satellite and Swarm). We observe a weak trend of stronger scintillations with an increasing IPIR index, where the IPIR index presents a product of amplitudes and temporal variations in plasma densities.

• Kotova, Daria; Jin, Yaqi; Spogli, Luca; Wood, Alan G.; Urbar, Jaroslav & Rawlings, James T. [Show all 11 contributors for this article] (2022). Electron density fluctuations from Swarm as a proxy for ground-based scintillation data: A statistical perspective.
• Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Kotova, Daria & Jin, Yaqi (2022). Ionospheric plasma structuring over Antarctica based on satellite and ground observations .
• Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Alfonsi, Lucilla; Spogli, Luca; Urbar, Jaroslav; Cesaroni, Claudio & Cicone, Antonio [Show all 15 contributors for this article] (2022). Swarm – VIP: Variability of Ionospheric Plasma studied and modelled based on data from the Swarm satellites.
• Enengl, Florine; Kotova, Daria; Jin, Yaqi; Clausen, Lasse & Miloch, Wojciech Jacek (2022). Ionospheric plasma irregularities in relation to dynamic auroral forms.
• Kotova, Daria; Jin, Yaqi; Brask, Steffen Mattias; Spogli, Luca; Wood, Alan G. & Miloch, Wojciech Jacek (2022). Comparison of electron density fluctuations measured by Swarm satellites with the ground-based scintillation data.
• Jin, Yaqi; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Alfonsi, Lucilla; Spogli, Luca; Urbar, Jaroslav & Cesaroni, Claudio [Show all 13 contributors for this article] (2022). Variability of Ionospheric Plasma studied and modelled based on data from the Swarm satellites .
• Kotova, Daria; Jin, Yaqi & Miloch, Wojciech Jacek (2022). Erratum: Interhemispheric variability of the electron density and derived parameters by the Swarm satellites during different solar activity (J. Space Weather Space Clim. (2022) 12 (12) DOI: 10.1051/swsc/2022007). Journal of Space Weather and Space Climate. ISSN 2115-7251. 12. doi: 10.1051/swsc/2022013.
• Spicher, Andres; Vierinen, Juha; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Jin, Yaqi; Huyghebaert, Devin Ray & Madhanakumar, Mahith (2022). Multi-instrument multi-scale characterization of ionospheric irregularities in the cusp region.
• Spicher, Andres; LaBelle, James William; Bonnell, John W.; Roglans, Roger; Moser, Chrystal & Fuselier, Stephen A. [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2022). Sounding rocket investigation of multi-scale (density) irregularities in the cusp region.
• Xiong, Chao; Zheng, Yuhao; Jin, Yaqi; Liu, Dun; Xu, Chunyu & Zhu, Yixun [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Diagnose the diffractive contribution to GNSS scintillation at high latitude during the geomagnetic storm on 7-8 September 2017.
• Spicher, Andres; Vierinen, Juha; Oksavik, Kjellmar & Jin, Yaqi (2022). Statistical characteristics of ionospheric irregularities in the cusp ionosphere based on multi-instrument techniques. Show summary

  Plasma density irregularities disturbing signals from Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) are known to be regular features of the high-latitude ionosphere, especially around the cusp and auroral regions. Despite their relevance for society, irregularity formation and evolution are still relatively poorly understood, and observations revealing the spatio-temporal characteristics of ionospheric structuring at different scales are needed to assess the exact mechanism(s) responsible for them. In this study, we focus on data from the European Incoherent Scatter Scientific Association (EISCAT) Svalbard Radars (ESR) operating in fast scanning mode. We use ESR experiments in which the antenna was swept in elevation, and create consecutive two-dimensional images showing how electron density, ion velocity, electron temperature, and ion temperatures change with latitude and time at different altitudes. We present selected events in which the ESR scans are combined with all-sky images and in-situ data from the Swarm satellites to provide multi-scale observations of cusp phenomena comprising polar cap patches, flow channels, particle precipitation, and ion heating. We compare the observations with the presence of GNSS scintillations, allowing to monitor the onset and development of irregularities causing scintillations, and to inspect their connection with the phenomena above-mentioned. We then extend the analysis by performing a statistical study using all ESR fast scans identified between January 2001 and December 2015. We investigate the statistical characteristics of the measured parameters at different altitudes and under different geomagnetic conditions. Overall, this study will provide further insights onto the spatio-temporal evolution of ionospheric cusp dynamics, and on the possible physical sources causing ionospheric irregularities with Space weather impacts.

• Spicher, Andres; Moen, Jøran Idar; LaBelle, James William; Bonnell, John W; Roglans, Roger & Moser, Chrystal [Show all 18 contributors for this article] (2021). Sounding rocket studies of ionospheric turbulence above Svalbard. Show summary

  Every morning between about 06 UT and 11 UT, Svalbard rotates just below the cusps (dayside aurora), where direct coupling between the solar wind, magnetosphere and ionosphere occurs. This provides a unique window to study the dayside aurora and the highly dynamic processes associated with it, examples of which include electron and ion precipitation and heating, electrostatic and electromagnetic waves, as well as turbulence. In this work, we focus on the turbulence which, alongside with being of pure scientific interest, can also have societal impacts. Indeed, the “irregular” electron density structures associated with it can affect our technology infrastructures by for instance degrading High Frequency (HF) communication and Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) signals. After briefly reviewing some of the mechanisms believed to be important in the development of turbulence in the high-latitude ionosphere, we present recent observations of density irregularities obtained by sounding rockets above Svalbard. We focus on measurements made as a part of the Grand Challenge Initiative (GCI) Cusp, an international project combining sounding rockets missions and ground-based instruments to study the cusps. We show detailed characterization of the nature of the irregularities including their phase velocity and wavelengths, helping shedding light onto the process(es) involved in their formation, especially at the scales important for Space weather applications.

• Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Alfonsi, Lucilla; Spogli, Luca; Urbar, Jaroslav; Cesaroni, C & Cicone, Antonio [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2021). Variability of ionosphere studied and modelled based on data from the Swarm satellites.
• Kotova, Daria; Jin, Yaqi & Miloch, Wojciech Jacek (2021). Investigation of interhemispheric variability of ionospheric parameters by the Swarm satellites for different solar activity. Show summary

  The use of satellite data allows us to study the variability of ionospheric plasma parameters globally without references to ground stations or receivers in different regions of the Earth. The Swarm mission, which was launched in 2014 and is still operational, allows us to investigate the effects of decreasing solar activity on the ionospheric variability. In our study, we use the Swarm in-situ measurements of the electron density and derived parameters. This dataset provides characteristics of the plasma variability along the orbit and gives information on plasma density structures in the ionosphere in terms of their amplitudes, gradients and spatial scales. In this study, we focused on the investigation of variability of these parameters in northern and southern hemispheres. Understanding of the distribution of such parameters in the context of the solar activity level and selected ionospheric regions can have implications for the development of new satellite instruments and for the accuracy of GNSS precise positioning.

• Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Alfonsi, Lucilla; Spogli, Luca; Wood, Alan; Sahtahmassebi, Golnaz & Clausen, Lasse [Show all 10 contributors for this article] (2020). Variability of Ionospheric Plasma Based on Swarm Satellite Data.
• Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Jin, Yaqi; Xiong, Chao; Brask, Steffen Mattias; Kotova, Daria & Kervalishvili, Guram [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2020). Ionospheric Plasma IRregularities (IPIR data products).
• Spicher, Andres; LaBelle, James William; Bonnell, John W; Bounds, Scott; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock & Di Mare, Francesca [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2020). On multi-scale density irregularities observed by sounding rockets within regions of enhanced scintillations in the cusp ionosphere.
• Kotova, Daria; Jin, Yaqi; Brask, Steffen; Cilliers, Pierre & Miloch, Wojciech Jacek (2020). Comparison of characteristics of electron density fluctuations from Swarm satellites with the ground-based scintillation data.
• Kotova, Daria; Jin, Yaqi & Miloch, Wojciech Jacek (2020). Variability of ionospheric parameters by the Swarm satellites for different solar activity.
• Spicher, Andres; Kletzing, Craig A.; Bounds, Scott; Bonnell, John W.; Roglans, Roger & Fuselier, Stephen A. [Show all 21 contributors for this article] (2020). Cusp rocket experiment of density structures.
• Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Kotova, Daria; Jin, Yaqi; Xiong, Chao; Brask, Steffen & Kervalishvili, Guram [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). Ionospheric plasma irregularities studied globally with the Swarm satellites .
• Kotova, Daria; Jin, Yaqi & Miloch, Wojciech Jacek (2019). Comparison of ionospheric plasma irregularities measured by Swarm with the ground-based GPS scintillation data. Show summary

  Ionospheric irregularities are often the cause of GNSS precise positioning errors, as well as disruption of radio communications in the HF range. The reason for the occurrence of these irregularities can be various non-stationary processes in the near-Earth space plasma that depend on the response of the ionosphere to the variations in the near Earth space. Therefore, the study of ionospheric irregularities is an urgent scientific and applied problem. In this study we use a global product based on the Swarm satellite measurements that characterizes ionospheric irregularities and fluctuations. The IPIR (Ionospheric Plasma IRregularities product) provides characteristics of plasma density structures in the ionosphere, of plasma irregularities in terms of their amplitudes, gradients and spatial scales and assigns them to geomagnetic regions and consequently to predominant plasma processes. It also provides indication, in the form of a numerical value index, on their severity for the integrity of trans-ionospheric radio signals and hence the accuracy of GNSS precise positioning. In this work we made validations of the IPIR product against the ground-based measurements, focusing on GPS TEC and scintillation data in low latitudes regions.

• Spicher, Andres; Deshpande, Kshitija; Zettergren, Matthew D.; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Jin, Yaqi & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2019). Modeling scintillation produced by ionospheric Kelvin Helmholtz in the cusp ionosphere using GEMINI-SIGMA. Show summary

  Ionospheric irregularities are known to cause fluctuations in radio signals called scintillation in the phase and amplitude of the complex signal. The turbulent structures responsible for the scintillation are a few hundreds of meters to few tens of kilometers scale sizes (intermediate scale sizes). With the growing interest in high latitude scintillation, we would like to investigate the effect of typical physical mechanisms on the radio scintillation. Here we present our modeling studies of Global Positioning System (GPS) scintillation through Kelvin Helmholtz instability (KHI) in the cusp region. For modeling we use the first principles based Geospace Environment Model of Ion-Neutral Interactions (GEMINI) and Satellite-beacon Ionospheric-scintillation Global Model of the upper Atmosphere (SIGMA). We utilize a cusp event study with detailed observations from the EISCAT Svalbard Radar (ESR) and scintillations detected from a network of four Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) receivers in Svalbard. The event presents evidences of the role of magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling in the generation of plasma irregularities and scintillations in the cusp. Using numerical simulations, we investigate the potential role of the Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in producing such scintillation. Furthermore, we compare the results with characteristics of GPS scintillations associated with a polar cap patch and the gradient drift instability to deduce distinctive characteristics of the respective plasma irregularities.

• Han, Desheng; Xu, Tong; Jin, Yaqi; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Chen, Xiangcai & Liu, J.-J. [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2019). Meso-scale ionospheric flow cells, localized Joule heating, and ion upflow associated with throat aurora as observed by EISCAT.
• Spicher, Andres; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Jin, Yaqi; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Zettergren, Matthew D. & Deshpande, K. B. [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2019). A reverse flow event as the onset of ionospheric scintillation irregularities in the cusp.
• Jin, Yaqi & Oksavik, Kjellmar (2019). Severe GPS Phase and Amplitude Scintillations at High Latitudes During the 2015 St. Patrick’s Day Storm.
• Spicher, Andres; Oksavik, Kjellmar; Jin, Yaqi; Moen, Jøran Idar; Baddeley, Lisa & Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock (2019). On the sources of Cusp Ionospheric Scintillation Irregularities.
• Spicher, Andres; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Jin, Yaqi; Lofstad, Victoria Emilie & Moen, Jøran Idar (2018). Polar cap patch climatology based on Swarm density data.
• Jin, Yaqi; Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Spicher, Andres; Stolle, Claudia & Kervalishvili, G. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Ionospheric Plasma Irregularities Characterized by the Swarm satellites.
• Jin, Yaqi; Spicher, Andres; Xiong, Chao; Clausen, Lasse Boy Novock; Stolle, Claudia & Kervalishvili, G. [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2018). Detecting high-latitude ionospheric plasma irregularities by Swarm satellites.
• Jin, Yaqi (2017). In-situ Measurement of Reversed Flow Event in the Cusp Ionosphere.
• Jin, Yaqi & Moen, Jøran Idar (2017). The cusp ionosphere as driven by dayside transient.
• Jin, Yaqi; Moen, Jøran Idar & Miloch, Wojciech Jacek (2015). On the collocation of the cusp aurora and the GPS phase scintillation: A statistical study.
• Miloch, Wojciech Jacek; Clausen, Lasse; Jin, Yaqi & Enengl, Florine (2023). Investigation of Ionospheric Plasma Structuring and Processes related to Auroral Particle Precipitation. Universitetet i Oslo.
• Jin, Yaqi (2016). Characterization of GPS Scintillations in the Polar Ionosphere. Universitetet i Oslo. Full text in Research Archive

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