Bernd Etzelmüller

• Ishikawa, Mamoru; Westermann, Sebastian; Jambaljav, Yamkhin; Dashtseren, Avirmed; Hiyama, Tetsuya & Endo, Nobuhiko [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2024). Transient Modeling of Permafrost Distribution From 1986 to 2016 in Mongolia. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes. ISSN 1045-6740. doi: 10.1002/ppp.2231.
• Czekirda, Justyna; Rempel, Alan W.; Etzelmüller, Bernd & Westermann, Sebastian (2024). Spatiotemporal variations in frost cracking measures in two dimensions: A case study for rock walls in Jotunheimen, southern Norway. Geomorphology. ISSN 0169-555X. 453. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2024.109112.
• Etzelmüller, Bernd; Isaksen, Ketil; Czekirda, Justyna; Westermann, Sebastian; Hilbich, Christin & Hauck, Christian (2023). Rapid warming and degradation of mountain permafrost in Norway and Iceland. The Cryosphere. ISSN 1994-0416. 17(12), s. 5477–5497. doi: 10.5194/tc-17-5477-2023. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Czekirda, Justyna; Etzelmüller, Bernd; Westermann, Sebastian; Isaksen, Ketil & Magnin, Florence (2023). Post-Little Ice Age rock wall permafrost evolution in Norway. The Cryosphere. ISSN 1994-0416. 17(7), s. 2725–2754. doi: 10.5194/tc-17-2725-2023. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Westermann, Sebastian; Ingeman-Nielsen, Thomas; Scheer, Johanna; Aalstad, Kristoffer; Aga, Juditha & Chaudhary, Nitin [Vis alle 24 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). The CryoGrid community model (version 1.0) - a multi-physics toolbox for climate-driven simulations in the terrestrial cryosphere. Geoscientific Model Development. ISSN 1991-959X. 16(9), s. 2607–2647. doi: 10.5194/gmd-16-2607-2023. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The CryoGrid community model is a flexible toolbox for simulating the ground thermal regime and the ice–water balance for permafrost and glaciers, extending a well-established suite of permafrost models (CryoGrid 1, 2, and 3). The CryoGrid community model can accommodate a wide variety of application scenarios, which is achieved by fully modular structures through object-oriented programming. Different model components, characterized by their process representations and parameterizations, are realized as classes (i.e., objects) in CryoGrid. Standardized communication protocols between these classes ensure that they can be stacked vertically. For example, the CryoGrid community model features several classes with different complexity for the seasonal snow cover, which can be flexibly combined with a range of classes representing subsurface materials, each with their own set of process representations (e.g., soil with and without water balance, glacier ice). We present the CryoGrid architecture as well as the model physics and defining equations for the different model classes, focusing on one-dimensional model configurations which can also interact with external heat and water reservoirs. We illustrate the wide variety of simulation capabilities for a site on Svalbard, with point-scale permafrost simulations using, e.g., different soil freezing characteristics, drainage regimes, and snow representations, as well as simulations for glacier mass balance and a shallow water body. The CryoGrid community model is not intended as a static model framework but aims to provide developers with a flexible platform for efficient model development. In this study, we document both basic and advanced model functionalities to provide a baseline for the future development of novel cryosphere models.

• Peter, Maria; Andersen, Jane Lund; Nixon, Francis Chantel; Etzelmüller, Bernd; Westermann, Sebastian & Fredin, Ola (2023). Near-surface temperatures and potential for frost weathering in blockfields in Norway and Svalbard. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. ISSN 0197-9337. 48(5), s. 940–955. doi: 10.1002/esp.5528. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Blockfields remain enigmatic regarding their origin, internal structure, surface processes, and glaciological implications. In Scandinavia, blockfields are found on high-elevation, low-relief mountains (plateaus) across the Arctic and Subarctic. In this study, we present a 1D numerical model that uses near-surface temperatures measured between summer 2018 and summer 2020 to calculate frost-cracking intensities (FCI) within the ground column in three different blockfields in Norway and Svalbard. Eighty-nine miniature temperature loggers were distributed on Tron Mountain (1650 m a.s.l.) in Alvdal, Gamlemsveten (780 m a.s.l.) near Ålesund in southwestern Norway and on Platåberget (460 m a.s.l.) near Longyearbyen, Svalbard. We modelled FCI by scaling the time spent in the frost cracking window (between −3 and −8°C) with the temperature gradient and a penalty function for distance to available water. At Tron and Gamlemsveten, ground temperatures never reached the frost cracking window at one third of our sites due to insulation by a thick snow cover in depressions and on the lee sides of summits. The highest FCI (0.05–0.4 K m) are obtained where the subsurface consists of boulders and stones in a matrix of relatively fine sediment (sand, silt, gravel). In contrast, very low FCI (0.003–0.02 K m) were modelled for blocky layers with large air-filled pores because of the low water availability. On Platåberget, all sensors reached the frost-cracking window during the annual temperature cycle, but FCI are extremely low (0.0004–0.15 K m) as water availability is limited due to (i) permafrost and (ii) near-surface temperatures remaining below the frost-cracking window for 3/4 of the year. This indicates that boulder-rich blockfields with air-filled hollows are preserved in very cold climates, whereas warmer, maritime settings with higher availability of fine interstitial material place blockfields in the fast lane for frost weathering.

• Renette, Cas; Aalstad, Kristoffer; Aga, Juditha; Zweigel, Robin Benjamin; Etzelmüller, Bernd & Lilleøren, Karianne Staalesen [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2023). Simulating the effect of subsurface drainage on the thermal regime and ground ice in blocky terrain in Norway. Earth Surface Dynamics. ISSN 2196-6311. 11(1), s. 33–50. doi: 10.5194/esurf-11-33-2023. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Ground temperatures in coarse, blocky deposits such as mountain blockfields and rock glaciers have long been observed to be lower in comparison with other (sub)surface material. One of the reasons for this negative temperature anomaly is the lower soil moisture content in blocky terrain, which decreases the duration of the zero curtain in autumn. Here we used the CryoGrid community model to simulate the effect of drainage on the ground thermal regime and ground ice in blocky terrain permafrost at two sites in Norway. The model set-up is based on a one-dimensional model domain and features a surface energy balance, heat conduction and advection, as well as a bucket water scheme with adjustable lateral drainage. We used three idealized subsurface stratigraphies, blocks only, blocks with sediment and sediment only, which can be either drained (i.e. with strong lateral subsurface drainage) or undrained (i.e. without drainage), resulting in six scenarios. The main difference between the three stratigraphies is their ability to retain water against drainage: while the blocks only stratigraphy can only hold small amounts of water, much more water is retained within the sediment phase of the two other stratigraphies, which critically modifies the freeze–thaw behaviour. The simulation results show markedly lower ground temperatures in the blocks only, drained scenario compared to other scenarios, with a negative thermal anomaly of up to 2.2 ∘C. For this scenario, the model can in particular simulate the time evolution of ground ice, with build-up during and after snowmelt and spring and gradual lowering of the ice table in the course of the summer season. The thermal anomaly increases with larger amounts of snowfall, showing that well-drained blocky deposits are less sensitive to insulation by snow than other soils. We simulate stable permafrost conditions at the location of a rock glacier in northern Norway with a mean annual ground surface temperature of 2.0–2.5 ∘C in the blocks only, drained simulations. Finally, transient simulations since 1951 at the rock glacier site (starting with permafrost conditions for all stratigraphies) showed a complete loss of perennial ground ice in the upper 5 m of the ground in the blocks with sediment, drained run; a 1.6 m lowering of the ground ice table in the sediment only, drained run; and only 0.1 m lowering in the blocks only, drained run. The interplay between the subsurface water–ice balance and ground freezing/thawing driven by heat conduction can at least partly explain the occurrence of permafrost in coarse blocky terrain below the elevational limit of permafrost in non-blocky sediments. It is thus important to consider the subsurface water–ice balance in blocky terrain in future efforts in permafrost distribution mapping in mountainous areas. Furthermore, an accurate prediction of the evolution of the ground ice table in a future climate can have implications for slope stability, as well as water resources in arid environments.

• Penna, Ivanna; Magnin, Florence; Nicolet, Pierrick; Etzelmüller, Bernd; Hermanns, Reginald & Böhme, Martina [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Permafrost controls the displacement rates of large unstable rock-slopes in subarctic environments. Global and Planetary Change. ISSN 0921-8181. 220. doi: 10.1016/j.gloplacha.2022.104017. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Lilleøren, Karianne Staalesen; Etzelmüller, Bernd; Rouyet, Line; Eiken, Trond; Slinde, Gaute Aasen & Hilbich, Christin (2022). Transitional rock glaciers at sea level in northern Norway. Earth Surface Dynamics. ISSN 2196-6311. 10(5), s. 975–996. doi: 10.5194/esurf-10-975-2022. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Rock glaciers are geomorphological expressions of permafrost. Close to sea level in northernmost Norway, in the subarctic Nordkinn peninsula, we have observed several rock glaciers that appear to be active now or were active in the recent past. Active rock glaciers at this elevation have never before been described in Fennoscandia, and they are outside the climatic limits of present-day permafrost according to models. In this study, we have investigated whether or not these rock glaciers are active under the current climate situation. We made detailed geomorphological maps of three rock glacier areas in Nordkinn and investigated the regional ground dynamics using synthetic aperture radar interferometry (InSAR). One of the rock glaciers, namely the Ivarsfjorden rock glacier, was investigated in more detail by combining observations of vertical and horizontal changes from optical images acquired by airborne and terrestrial sensors and terrestrial laser scans (TLSs). The subsurface of the same rock glacier was investigated using a combination of electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) and refraction seismic tomography (RST). We also measured ground surface temperatures between 2016 and 2020, complemented by investigations using an infrared thermal camera, and a multi-decadal climatic analysis. We mapped the rock glaciers in the innermost parts of Store and Lille Skogfjorden as relict, while the more active ones are in the mouths of both fjords, fed by active talus in the upper slopes. Several of the rock glaciers cross over both the Younger Dryas shoreline (25 m a.s.l.) and the Early to Mid-Holocene shoreline at 13 m a.s.l. Both InSAR and optical remote sensing observations reveal low yearly movement rates (centimetres to millimetres per year). The ERT and RST suggest that there is no longer permafrost and ground ice in the rock glacier, while temperature observations on the front slope indicate freezing conditions also in summer. Based on the in situ temperature measurements and the interpolated regional temperature data, we show that the mean annual air temperature (MAAT) of the region has risen by 2 ∘C since the late 19th century to about 1.5 ∘C in the last decade. MAATs below 0 ∘C 100–150 years ago suggest that new rock glacier lobes may have formed at the end of the Little Ice Age (LIA). These combined results indicate that the Nordkinn rock glaciers are transitioning from active to relict stages. The study shows that transitional rock glaciers are still affected by creep, rock falls, snow avalanches, etc., and are not entirely dynamically dead features. Our contrasting results concerning permafrost presence and rock glacier activity show the importance of a multi-methodological approach when investigating slope processes in the edge zones of permafrost influence.

• Smith, Noah D.; Burke, Eleanor J.; Aas, Kjetil Schanke; Althuizen, Inge; Boike, Julia & Christiansen, Casper Tai [Vis alle 13 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Explicitly modelling microtopography in permafrost landscapes in a land surface model (JULES vn5.4_microtopography). Geoscientific Model Development. ISSN 1991-959X. 15(9), s. 3603–3639. doi: 10.5194/gmd-15-3603-2022. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Microtopography can be a key driver of heterogeneity in the ground thermal and hydrological regime of permafrost landscapes. In turn, this heterogeneity can influence plant communities, methane fluxes, and the initiation of abrupt thaw processes. Here we have implemented a two-tile representation of microtopography in JULES (the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator), where tiles are representative of repeating patterns of elevation difference. Tiles are coupled by lateral flows of water, heat, and redistribution of snow, and a surface water store is added to represent ponding. Simulations are performed of two Siberian polygon sites, (Samoylov and Kytalyk) and two Scandinavian palsa sites (Stordalen and Iškoras). The model represents the observed differences between greater snow depth in hollows vs. raised areas well. The model also improves soil moisture for hollows vs. the non-tiled configuration (“standard JULES”) though the raised tile remains drier than observed. The modelled differences in snow depths and soil moisture between tiles result in the lower tile soil temperatures being warmer for palsa sites, as in reality. However, when comparing the soil temperatures for July at 20 cm depth, the difference in temperature between tiles, or “temperature splitting”, is smaller than observed (3.2 vs. 5.5 ∘C). Polygons display small (0.2 ∘C) to zero temperature splitting, in agreement with observations. Consequently, methane fluxes are near identical (+0 % to 9 %) to those for standard JULES for polygons, although they can be greater than standard JULES for palsa sites (+10 % to 49 %). Through a sensitivity analysis we quantify the relative importance of model processes with respect to soil moisture and temperatures, identifying which parameters result in the greatest uncertainty in modelled temperature. Varying the palsa elevation between 0.5 and 3 m has little effect on modelled soil temperatures, showing that using only two tiles can still be a valid representation of sites with a range of palsa elevations. Mire saturation is heavily dependent on landscape-scale drainage. Lateral conductive fluxes, while small, reduce the temperature splitting by ∼ 1 ∘C and correspond to the order of observed lateral degradation rates in peat plateau regions, indicating possible application in an area-based thaw model.

• Bertone, Aldo; Barboux, Chloé; Bodin, Xavier; Bolch, Tobias; Brardinoni, Francesco & Caduff, Rafael [Vis alle 18 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Incorporating InSAR kinematics into rock glacier inventories: insights from 11 regions worldwide. The Cryosphere. ISSN 1994-0416. 16(7), s. 2769–2792. doi: 10.5194/tc-16-2769-2022. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Rock glaciers are landforms related to permafrost creep that are sensitive to climate variability and change. Their spatial distribution and kinematic behaviour can be critical for managing water resources and geohazards in periglacial areas. Rock glaciers have been inventoried for decades worldwide, often without assessment of their kinematics. The availability of remote sensing data however makes the inclusion of kinematic information potentially feasible, but requires a common methodology in order to create homogeneous inventories. In this context, the International Permafrost Association (IPA) Action Group on rock glacier inventories and kinematics (2018–2023), with the support of the European Space Agency (ESA) Permafrost Climate Change Initiative (CCI) project, is defining standard guidelines for the inclusion of kinematic information within inventories. Here, we demonstrate the feasibility of applying common rules proposed by the Action Group in 11 regions worldwide. Spaceborne interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) was used to characterise identifiable moving areas related to rock glaciers, applying a manual and a semi-automated approach. Subsequently, these areas were used to assign kinematic information to rock glaciers in existing or newly compiled inventories. More than 5000 moving areas and more than 3600 rock glaciers were classified according to their kinematics. The method and the preliminary results were analysed. We identified drawbacks related to the intrinsic limitations of InSAR and to various applied strategies regarding the integration of non-moving rock glaciers in some investigated regions. This is the first internationally coordinated work that incorporates kinematic attributes within rock glacier inventories at a global scale. The results show the value of designing standardised inventorying procedures for periglacial geomorphology.

• Vasile, Mirela; Vespremeanu-Stroe, Alfred; Pascal, Daniela; Braucher, Regis; Pleșoianu, Alin & Popescu, Răzvan [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Rock walls distribution and Holocene evolution in a mid-latitude mountain range (the Romanian Carpathians). Geomorphology. ISSN 0169-555X. 413. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2022.108351. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Etzelmüller, Bernd; Czekirda, Justyna; Magnin, Florence; Duvillard, Pierre-Allain; Ravanel, Ludovic & Malet, Emanuelle [Vis alle 20 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). Permafrost in monitored unstable rock slopes in Norway-New insights from temperature and surface velocity measurements, geophysical surveying, and ground temperature modelling. Earth Surface Dynamics. ISSN 2196-6311. 10(1), s. 97–129. doi: 10.5194/esurf-10-97-2022. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  The warming and subsequent degradation of mountain permafrost within alpine areas represent an important process influencing the stability of steep slopes and rock faces. The unstable and monitored slopes of Mannen (Møre and Romsdal county, southern Norway) and Gámanjunni-3 (Troms and Finnmark county, northern Norway) were classified as high-risk sites by the Norwegian Geological Survey (NGU). Failure initiation has been suggested to be linked to permafrost degradation, but the detailed permafrost distribution at the sites is unknown. Rock wall (RW) temperature loggers at both sites have measured the thermal regime since 2015, showing mean rock surface temperatures between 2.5 and −1.6 ∘C depending on site and topographic aspect. Between 2016 and 2019 we conducted 2D and 3D electrical resistivity tomography (ERT) surveys on the plateau and directly within the rock wall back scarp of the unstable slopes at both sites. In combination with geophysical laboratory analysis of rock wall samples from both sites, the ERT soundings indicate widespread permafrost areas, especially at Gámanjunni-3. Finally, we conducted 2D thermal modelling to evaluate the potential thermal regime, along with an analysis of available displacement rate measurements based on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) and ground- and satellite-based interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) methods. Surface air and ground temperatures have increased significantly since ca. 1900 by 1 and 1.5 ∘C, and the highest temperatures have been measured and modelled since 2000 at both study sites. We observed a seasonality of displacement, with increasing velocities during late winter and early spring and the highest velocities in June, probably related to water pressure variations during snowmelt. The displacement rates of Gámanjunni-3 rockslide co-vary with subsurface resistivity and modelled ground temperature. Increased displacement rates seem to be associated with sub-zero ground temperatures and higher ground resistivity. This might be related to the presence of ground ice in fractures and pores close to the melting point, facilitating increased deformation. The study demonstrates and discusses the possible influence of permafrost, at least locally, on the dynamics of large rock slope instabilities

• Martin, Leo Celestin Paul; Nitzbon, Jan; Scheer, Johanna; Aas, Kjetil Schanke; Eiken, Trond & Langer, Moritz [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Lateral thermokarst patterns in permafrost peat plateaus in northern Norway. The Cryosphere. ISSN 1994-0416. 15(7), s. 3423–3442. doi: 10.5194/tc-15-3423-2021. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Rouyet, Line; Lilleøren, Karianne Staalesen; Böhme, Martina; Vick, Louise Mary; Delaloye, Reynald & Etzelmüller, Bernd [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Regional Morpho-Kinematic Inventory of Slope Movements in Northern Norway. Frontiers in Earth Science. ISSN 2296-6463. 9. doi: 10.3389/feart.2021.681088. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/feart.2021.681088

• Schmidt, Juditha; Etzelmüller, Bernd; Schuler, Thomas; Magnin, Florence; Boike, Julia & Langer, Moritz [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Surface temperatures and their influence on the permafrost thermal regime in high-Arctic rock walls on Svalbard. The Cryosphere. ISSN 1994-0416. 15(5), s. 2491–2509. doi: 10.5194/tc-15-2491-2021. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Zweigel, Robin Benjamin; Westermann, Sebastian; Nitzbon, Jan; Langer, M; Boike, Julia & Etzelmüller, Bernd [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Simulating Snow Redistribution and its Effect on Ground Surface Temperature at a High‐Arctic Site on Svalbard. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Earth Surface. ISSN 2169-9003. 126(3). doi: 10.1029/2020JF005673. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kristensen, Lene; Czekirda, Justyna; Penna, Ivanna; Etzelmüller, Bernd; Nicolet, Pierrick & Pullarello, Jose Santiago [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2021). Movements, failure and climatic control of the Veslemannen rockslide, Western Norway. Landslides. Journal of the International Consortium on Landslides. ISSN 1612-510X. 18, s. 1963–1980. doi: 10.1007/s10346-020-01609-x.
• Karjalainen, Olli; Luoto, Miska; Aalto, Juha; Etzelmüller, Bernd; Grosse, Guido & Jones, Benjamin M. [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). High potential for loss of permafrost landforms in a changing climate. Environmental Research Letters. ISSN 1748-9326. 15(10). doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/abafd5. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hilger, Paula; Hermanns, Reginald & Etzelmüller, Bernd (2020). A Landform Evolution Model for the Mannen Area in Romsdal Valley, Norway. I Vilimek, Vit; Wang, Fawu; Strom, Alexander; Sassa, Kyoji; Bobrowsky, Peter T. & Takara, Kaoru (Red.), Understanding and Reducing Landslide Disaster Risk Volume 5 Catastrophic Landslides and Frontiers of Landslide Science. Springer Nature. ISSN 978-3-030-60319-9. s. 309–314. doi: 10.1007/978-3-030-60319-9_34. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hilger, Paula; Hermanns, Reginald; Czekirda, Justyna; Sæterdal, Kristin Myhra; Gosse, John C. & Etzelmüller, Bernd (2020). Permafrost as a first order control on long-term rock-slope deformation in (Sub-)Arctic Norway. Quaternary Science Reviews. ISSN 0277-3791. 251. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106718. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Etzelmüller, Bernd; Guglielmin, Mauro; Hauck, Christian; Hilbich, Christin; Hoelzle, Martin & Isaksen, Ketil [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Twenty years of European mountain permafrost dynamics-the PACE legacy. Environmental Research Letters. ISSN 1748-9326. 15(10). doi: 10.1088/1748-9326/abae9d. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Etzelmüller, Bernd; Patton, Henry; Schomacker, Anders; Czekirda, Justyna; Girod, Luc Maurice Ramuntcho & Hubbard, Alun Lloyd [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2020). Icelandic permafrost dynamics since the Last Glacial Maximum – model results and geomorphological implications. Quaternary Science Reviews. ISSN 0277-3791. 233:106236. doi: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2020.106236. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Iceland’s periglacial realm is one of the most dynamic on the planet, with active geomorphologicalprocesses and high weathering rates of young bedrock resulting in high sediment yields and ongoingmass movement. Permafrost is discontinuous in Iceland’s highlands and mountains over c. 800 m a.s.l,and sporadic in palsa mires in the central highlands. During the late Pleistocene and Holocene, Iceland’speriglacial environment varied considerably in time and space, dominated by glacialfluctuations andperiglacial processes. To evaluate the dynamics of permafrost in Iceland since the last deglaciation, weuse the output of a coupled climate/ice sheet model to force a transient permafrost model (CryoGRID 2)from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) through to the present. Wefind that permafrost was widespreadacross the deglaciated areas of western, northern and eastern Iceland after the LGM, and that up to 20% ofIceland’s terrestrial area was underlain by permafrost throughout the late Pleistocene. This influencedgeomorphological processes and landform generation: the early collapse of the marine-based ice sheettogether with the aggradation of permafrost in these zones initiated the formation of abundant and nowrelict rock glaciers across coastal margins. Permafrost degraded rapidly after the Younger Dryas, with amarked impact on slope stability. Permafrost that formed during the Little Ice Age is again thawingrapidly, and an escalation in slope failure and mass-movement might be currently underway. Our studydemonstrates that large regions of Iceland have been underlain by permafrost for millennia, facilitatinglandform development and influencing the stability of steep slopes

• Myhra, Kristin Sæterdal; Westermann, Sebastian & Etzelmüller, Bernd (2019). Modelling conductive heat flow between steep rock walls and talus slopes–thermal processes and geomorphological implications. Frontiers in Earth Science. ISSN 2296-6463. 7, s. 1–14. doi: 10.3389/feart.2019.00192. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Magnin, Florence; Etzelmüller, Bernd; Westermann, Sebastian; Isaksen, Ketil; Hilger, Paula & Hermanns, Reginald (2019). Permafrost distribution in steep rock slopes in Norway: measurements, statistical modelling and implications for geomorphological processes . Earth Surface Dynamics. ISSN 2196-6311. 7(4), s. 1019–1040. doi: 10.5194/esurf-7-1019-2019. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Martin, Leo Celestin Paul; Nitzbon, Jan; Aas, Kjetil Schanke; Etzelmüller, Bernd; Kristiansen, Håvard & Westermann, Sebastian (2019). Stability Conditions of Peat Plateaus and Palsas in Northern Norway. Journal of Geophysical Research (JGR): Earth Surface. ISSN 2169-9003. 124(3), s. 705–719. doi: 10.1029/2018JF004945. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Karjalainen, Olli; Aalto, Juha; Luoto, Miska; Westermann, Sebastian; Romanovsky, Vladimir E & Nelson, Frederick E. [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Data Descriptor: Circumpolar permafrost maps and geohazard indices for near-future infrastructure risk assessments. Scientific Data. ISSN 2052-4463. 6. doi: 10.1038/sdata.2019.37. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Czekirda, Justyna; Westermann, Sebastian; Etzelmüller, Bernd & Jóhannesson, Tómas (2019). Transient Modelling of Permafrost Distribution in Iceland. Frontiers in Earth Science. ISSN 2296-6463. 7(130). doi: 10.3389/feart.2019.00130. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Obu, Jaroslav; Westermann, Sebastian; Bartsch, Annett; Berdnikov, Nikolai M.; Christiansen, Hanne H & Dashtseren, Avirmed [Vis alle 21 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Northern Hemisphere permafrost map based on TTOP modelling for 2000–2016 at 1 km2 scale. Earth-Science Reviews. ISSN 0012-8252. 193, s. 299–316. doi: 10.1016/j.earscirev.2019.04.023. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Biskaborn, Boris K.; Smith, Sharon L.; Noetzli, Jeannette; Matthes, Heidrun; Vieira, Gonçalo & Streletskiy, Dmitry A. [Vis alle 48 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2019). Permafrost is warming at a global scale. Nature Communications. ISSN 2041-1723. 10. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-08240-4. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hjort, Jan; Karjalainen, Olli; Aalto, Juha; Westermann, Sebastian; Romanovsky, Vladimir E & Nelson, Frederick E. [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2018). Degrading permafrost puts Arctic infrastructure at risk by mid-century. Nature Communications. ISSN 2041-1723. 9. doi: 10.1038/s41467-018-07557-4. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Hilger, Paula; Hermanns, Reginald; Gosse, John C; Jacobs, B; Etzelmüller, Bernd & Krautblatter, Michael (2018). Multiple rock-slope failures from Mannen in Romsdal Valley, western Norway, revealed from Quaternary geological mapping and 10Be exposure dating. The Holocene. ISSN 0959-6836. 28(12), s. 1841–1854. doi: 10.1177/0959683618798165. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Kjellman, Sofia E.; Axelsson, Pia E.; Etzelmüller, Bernd; Westermann, Sebastian & Sannel, A. Britta K. (2018). Holocene development of subarctic permafrost peatlands in Finnmark, northern Norway. The Holocene. ISSN 0959-6836. 28(12), s. 1855–1869. doi: 10.1177/0959683618798126. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Subarctic permafrost peatlands are important soil organic carbon pools, and improved knowledge about peat properties and peatland sensitivity to past climate change is essential when predicting future response to a warmer climate and associated feedback mechanisms. In this study, Holocene peatland development and permafrost dynamics of four subarctic peat plateaus in Finnmark, northern Norway have been investigated through detailed analyses of plant macrofossils and geochemical properties. Peatland inception occurred around 9800 cal. yr BP and 9200 cal. yr BP at the two continental sites Suossjavri and Iskoras. Younger basal peat ages were found at the two coastal locations Lakselv and Karlebotn, at least partly caused by the time lag between deglaciation and emergence of land by isostatic uplift. Here, peatland development started around 6150 cal. yr BP and 5150 cal. yr BP, respectively. All four peatlands developed as wet fens throughout most of the Holocene. Permafrost aggradation, causing frost heave and a shift in the vegetation assemblage from wet fen to dry bog species, probably did not occur until during the last millennium, ca. 950 cal. yr BP in Karlebotn and ca. 800 cal. yr BP in Iskoras, and before ca. 150 cal. yr BP in Lakselv and ca. 100 cal. yr BP in Suossjavri. In Karlebotn, there are indications of a possible earlier permafrost phase around 2200 cal. yr BP due to climatic cooling at the late Subboreal to early Subatlantic transition. The mean long-term Holocene carbon accumulation rate at all four sites was 12.3 +/- 4.1 gC m-2 yr-1 (+/- SD) and the mean soil organic carbon storage was 97 +/- 46 kgC m-2.

• Westermann, Sebastian; Peter, Maria; Langer, Moritz; Schwamborn, Georg; Schirrmeister, Lutz & Etzelmüller, Bernd [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Transient modeling of the ground thermal conditions using satellite data in the Lena River delta, Siberia. The Cryosphere. ISSN 1994-0416. 11(3), s. 1441–1463. doi: 10.5194/tc-11-1441-2017. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Girod, Luc Maurice Ramuntcho; Nuth, Christopher; Kääb, Andreas; Etzelmüller, Bernd & Kohler, Jack (2017). Terrain changes from images acquired on opportunistic flights by SfM photogrammetry. The Cryosphere. ISSN 1994-0416. 11(2), s. 827–840. doi: 10.5194/tc-11-827-2017. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv
• Gisnås, Kjersti; Etzelmüller, Bernd; Lussana, Cristian; Hjort, Jan; Sannel, Britta & Isaksen, Ketil [Vis alle 11 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2017). Permafrost Map for Norway, Sweden and Finland. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes. ISSN 1045-6740. 28(2), s. 359–378. doi: 10.1002/ppp.1922.
• Borge, Amund Frogner; Westermann, Sebastian; Solheim, Ingvild & Etzelmüller, Bernd (2017). Strong degradation of palsas and peat plateaus in northern Norway during the last 60 years. The Cryosphere. ISSN 1994-0416. 11(1), s. 1–16. doi: 10.5194/tc-11-1-2017. Fulltekst i vitenarkiv Vis sammendrag

  Solheim, Ingvild og Etzelmuller, Bernd er ikke (P)-personer. Fikset ms 26/9

• Myhra, Kristin Sæterdal; Westermann, Sebastian & Etzelmuller, Bernd (2017). Modelled Distribution and Temporal Evolution of Permafrost in Steep Rock Walls Along a Latitudinal Transect in Norway by CryoGrid 2D. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes. ISSN 1045-6740. 28(1), s. 172–182. doi: 10.1002/ppp.1884.
• Steiger, Céline; Etzelmüller, Bernd; Westermann, Sebastian & Myhra, Kristin Sæterdal (2016). Modelling the permafrost distribution in steep rock walls in Norway. Norsk Geologisk Tidsskrift. ISSN 0029-196X. 96(4), s. 1–13. doi: 10.17850/njg96-4-04.
• Berthling, Ivar Thoralf & Etzelmüller, Bernd (2016). The changing cryosphere. I Beylich, Achim A.; Dixon, John C. & Zbigniew, Zwoliński (Red.), Source-to-Sink Fluxes in Undisturbed Cold Environments. Cambridge University Press. ISSN 9781107068223. s. 13–29.
• Gisnås, Kjersti; Westermann, Sebastian; Schuler, Thomas; Melvold, Kjetil & Etzelmüller, Bernd (2016). Small-scale variation of snow in a regional permafrost model. The Cryosphere. ISSN 1994-0416. 10(3), s. 1201–1215. doi: 10.5194/tc-10-1201-2016.
• Westermann, Sebastian; Langer, Moritz; Boike, Julia; Heikenfeld, Max; Peter, Maria & Etzelmuller, Bernd [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Simulating the thermal regime and thaw processes of ice-rich permafrost ground with the land-surface model CryoGrid 3. Geoscientific Model Development. ISSN 1991-959X. 9(2), s. 523–546. doi: 10.5194/gmd-9-523-2016.
• Gisnås, Kjersti; Westermann, Sebastian; Schuler, Thomas; Melvold, Kjetil & Etzelmuller, Bernd (2015). Small-scale variation of snow in a regional permafrost model. The Cryosphere Discussions. ISSN 1994-0432. 9, s. 6661–6696. doi: 10.5194/tcd-9-6661-2015.
• Aas, Kjetil Schanke; Berntsen, Terje Koren; Boike, Julia; Etzelmuller, Bernd; Kristjansson, Jon Egill & Maturilli, Marion [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2015). A comparison between simulated and observed surface energy balance at the Svalbard Archipelago. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology. ISSN 1558-8424. 54(5), s. 1102–1119. doi: 10.1175/JAMC-D-14-0080.1.
• Westermann, Sebastian; Østby, Torbjørn; Gisnås, Kjersti; Schuler, Thomas & Etzelmuller, Bernd (2015). A ground temperature map of the North Atlantic permafrost region based on remote sensing and reanalysis data. The Cryosphere. ISSN 1994-0416. 9(3), s. 1303–1319. doi: 10.5194/tc-9-1303-2015.
• Gisnås, Kjersti; Westermann, Sebastian; Schuler, Thomas; Litherland, Tobias; Isaksen, Ketil & Boike, Julia [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2014). A statistical approach to represent small-scale variability of permafrost temperatures due to snow cover. The Cryosphere Discussions. ISSN 1994-0432. 8, s. 509–536. doi: 10.5194/tcd-8-509-2014.
• Gisnås, Kjersti; Westermann, Sebastian; Schuler, Thomas; Litherland, Tobias; Isaksen, Ketil & Boike, Julia [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2014). A statistical approach to represent small-scale variability of permafrost temperatures due to snow cover. The Cryosphere. ISSN 1994-0416. 8, s. 2063–2074. doi: 10.5194/tc-8-2063-2014.
• Hipp, Tobias Florian; Etzelmuller, Bernd & Westermann, Sebastian (2014). Permafrost in Alpine Rock Faces from Jotunheimen and Hurrungane, Southern Norway. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes. ISSN 1045-6740. 25(1), s. 1–13. doi: 10.1002/ppp.1799.
• Jarsve, Erlend Morisbak; Krøgli, Svein Olav; Etzelmuller, Bernd & Gabrielsen, Roy (2014). Automatic identification of topographic surfaces related to the sub-Cambrian peneplain (SCP) in southern Norway - Surface generation algorithms and implications. Geomorphology. ISSN 0169-555X. 211, s. 89–99. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.12.032.
• Hjort, Jan; Ujanen, Joonas; Parviainen, Miia; Tolgensbakk, Jon & Etzelmuller, Bernd (2014). Transferability of geomorphological distribution models: Evaluation using solifluction features in subarctic and Arctic regions. Geomorphology. ISSN 0169-555X. 204, s. 165–176. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.08.002.
• Meyer, Nele Kristin; Schwanghart, Wolfgang; Korup, Oliver; Romstad, Bård & Etzelmuller, Bernd (2014). Estimating the topographic predictability of debris flows. Geomorphology. ISSN 0169-555X. 207, s. 114–125. doi: 10.1016/j.geomorph.2013.10.030. Vis sammendrag

  The Norwegian traffic network is impacted by about 2000 landslides, avalanches, and debris flows each year that incur high economic losses. Despite the urgent need to mitigate future losses, efforts to locate potential debris flow source areas have been rare at the regional scale. We tackle this research gap by exploring a minimal set of possible topographic predictors of debris flow initiation that we input to a Weights-of-Evidence (WofE) model for mapping the regional susceptibility to debris flows inwestern Norway.We use an inventory of 429 debris flows thatwere recorded between 1979 and 2008, and use the terrain variables of slope, total curvature, and contributing area (flowaccumulation) to compute the posterior probabilities of local debris flow occurrence. The novelty of our approach is thatwe quantify the uncertainties in theWofE approach arising fromdifferent predictor classification schemes and data input, while estimatingmodel accuracy and predictive performance from independent test data. Our results show that a percentile-based classification scheme excels over a manual classification of the predictor variables because differing abundances inmanually defined bins reduce the reliability of the conditional independence tests, a key, and often neglected, prerequisite for theWofE method. The conditional dependence between total curvature and flow accumulation precludes their joint use in themodel. Slope gradient has the highest true positive rate (88%), although the fraction of area classified as susceptible is very large (37%). The predictive performance, i.e. the reduction of false positives, is improved when combined with either total curvature or flow accumulation. Bootstrapping shows that the combination of slope and flow accumulation providesmore reliable predictions than the combination of slope and total curvature, and helps refining the use of slope–area plots for identifying morphometric fingerprints of debris flow source areas, an approach used outside the field of landslide susceptibility assessments.

• Lilleøren, Karianne Staalesen; Etzelmuller, Bernd; Gärtner-Roer, Isabelle; Kääb, Andreas; Westermann, Sebastian & Gudmundsson, Agust (2013). The Distribution, Thermal Characteristics and Dynamics of Permafrost in Tröllaskagi, Northern Iceland, as Inferred from the Distribution of Rock Glaciers and Ice-Cored Moraines. Permafrost and Periglacial Processes. ISSN 1045-6740. 24(4), s. 322–335. doi: 10.1002/ppp.1792.

Se alle arbeider i Cristin

• Snook, Paula; Hermanns, Reginald Leonhard Manfred; Czekirda, Justyna; Sæterdal, Kristin Myhra; Gosse, John C. & Etzelmüller, Bernd (2023). Permafrost controls long-term displacement activity of large unstable rock slopes in subarctic Norway.
• Filhol, Simon; Vasile, Mirela; Sîrbu, Flavius; Onaca, Alexandru; Etzelmüller, Bernd & Westermann, Sebastian (2023). Climate Downscaling in the Southern Carpathians for Climate Analysis and Permafrost Conditions Change (1950-2020).
• Etzelmüller, Bernd; Lilleøren, Karianne Staalesen; Conrad, Clinton Phillips; Åkesson, Henning & Lund, Martin (2023). GeoOnsdag Spesial "Arven etter Esmark" - Sjå opptak frå foredraget. [Internett]. https://www.mn.uio.no/geo/om/organisasjon/geohyd/aktuelt/geo.
• Åkesson, Henning; Kjellin, Simen; Hirsti, Linn Katrine; Etzelmüller, Bernd & Lilleøren, Karianne Staalesen (2023). Utstilling: Arven etter Esmark – Fra oppdagelsen av istiden til dens betydning for dagens forskning.
• Åkesson, Henning; Etzelmüller, Bernd; Lund, Erik Martin; Conrad, Clinton Phillips & Lilleøren, Karianne Staalesen (2023). Arven etter Esmark - GeoOnsdag Spesial. Vis sammendrag

  Arven etter Esmark, Bernd Etzelmüller/Karianne Lilleøren Imagining Esmark’s Lost Scandinavian Ice, Clint Conrad Gårsdagens is - fremtidens fasit, Henning Åkesson Wind of change, Martin Lund

• Rouyet, Line; Lilleøren, Karianne Staalesen; Etzelmüller, Bernd; Kääb, Andreas Max; Christiansen, Hanne H. & Humlum, Ole [Vis alle 9 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2022). SAR satellite remote sensing for mapping and monitoring Norwegian rock glaciers.
• Hilger, Paula; Hermanns, Reginald & Etzelmüller, Bernd (2022). Fjellskredaktivitet i Norge siden den siste istida. Naturen. ISSN 0028-0887. 146(2-3), s. 94–106. doi: 10.18261/naturen.146.2-3.4.
• Aspaas, Andreas Grøvan; Renard, Francois; Lacroix, Pascal; Kristensen, Lene & Etzelmüller, Bernd (2022). What causes transient deformations in the Åknes landslide, Norway?
• Hilger, Paula; Hermanns, Reginald; Czekirda, Justyna; Sæterdal, Kristin Myhra; Gosse, John C. & Etzelmüller, Bernd (2020). Is permafrost a first order control on rock-slope deformation in Norway?
• Grøvan Aspaas, Andreas; Krautblatter, Michael; Renard, Francois & Etzelmüller, Bernd (2019). Effects of glimmer rich rocks on the failure criterion of ice-filled permafrost rock joints.
• Hilger, Paula; Hermanns, Reginald; Gosse, John C. & Etzelmüller, Bernd (2019). Dating large landslides - opportunities and challenges using terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides.
• Etzelmüller, Bernd; Patton, Henry; Schomacker, Anders; Hubbard, Alun Lloyd; Czekirda, Justyna & Westermann, Sebastian (2019). Permafrost dynamics in Iceland between 18 ka BP and today – model results and geomorphological implications. Vis sammendrag

  Periglacial processes and the dynamics of permafrost is a decisive factor for slope stability locally, and for understanding landscape development over longer time scales. Iceland has a highly dynamic landscape because of young bedrock and associated high geomorphological process rates, leading to large material production and frequent gravitational processes in the present periglacial realm. At present, permafrost in Iceland is widespread in mountain settings over c. 800 m a.s.l. and sporadically in palsa mires in the central Highlands. However, during the late Pleistocene and Holocene, the periglacial environment in Iceland must have varied strongly in time and space, with subsequent imprint in the landscape. To evaluate the dynamics of permafrost in Iceland since the onset of the last deglaciation, we used the forcing and output of a 3D, time-integrated ice sheet model to run a transient permafrost model (CryoGRID 2) between the onset of the last deglaciation (c. 18 ka BP) until today. The permafrost model was forced by either modeled sub-glacial temperatures if ice-covered, or air temperatures if the area was deglaciated. The results give insights into the possible age of permafrost in Iceland, distinguish areas with wide-spread paleo-permafrost and let us determine the persistence of permafrost in the different areas. The presentation discusses these results in the light of periglacial processes, landforms and landscape development

• Hilger, Paula; Hermanns, Reginald; Etzelmüller, Bernd; Myhra, Kristin Sæterdal; Magnin, Florence & Gosse, John C. (2018). Do deformation patterns and initial failure timing of rock-slope instabilities in Norway relate to permafrost dynamics?
• Hilger, Paula; Hermanns, Reginald; Gosse, John C.; Myhra, Kristin Sæterdal; Magnin, Florence & Etzelmüller, Bernd (2018). Initial failure timing of gradually moving rockslides in northern and western Norway.
• Hilger, Paula; Hermanns, Reginald; Magnin, Florence; Myhra, Kristin Sæterdal; Etzelmüller, Bernd & Gosse, John C. (2018). Destabilisation and deformation patterns of rock-slope instabilities in northern and western Norway.
• Hilger, Paula; Hermanns, Reginald; Myhra, Kristin Sæterdal; Gosse, John C. & Etzelmüller, Bernd (2017). Temporal distribution of rock-slope failure activity in western and northern Norway.
• Hilger, Paula; Myhra, Kristin Sæterdal; Hermanns, Reginald; Magnin, Florence; Etzelmüller, Bernd & Gosse, John C. (2017). Post-glacial timing of rock-slope destabilisation.
• Hilger, Paula; Hermanns, Reginald; Myhra, Kristin Sæterdal; Gosse, John C.; Ivy-Ochs, Susan & Etzelmüller, Bernd (2017). Rock-slope failure activity and geological crises in western Norway.
• Hilger, Paula; Hermanns, Reginald; Etzelmüller, Bernd & Magnin, Florence (2016). Climate factors as triggering mechanism for rock-slope failures and rockslides in Norway.
• Hilger, Paula; Hermanns, Reginald; Etzelmüller, Bernd; Westermann, Sebastian; Krautblatter, Michael & Gosse, John C. [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Evaluation of rock-slope failures in steep permafrost slopes in Norway - first insights in the geological history of the Mannen unstable rock slope in Møre og Romsdal.
• Hilger, Paula; Hermanns, Reginald; Gosse, John C. & Etzelmüller, Bernd (2016). Evaluation of rock-slope failures and rockslides in steep permafrost slopes using 10Be- and 36Cl-dating.
• Girod, Luc Maurice Ramuntcho; Nuth, Christopher; Kääb, Andreas; Etzelmüller, Bernd & Kohler, Jack (2016). Terrain changes from images acquired on opportunistic flights by SFM photogrammetry.
• Westermann, Sebastian; Langer, Moritz; Østby, Torbjørn Ims; Peter, Maria; Boike, Julia & Gisnås, Kjersti [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2016). Mapping the thermal state of permafrost through modeling and remote sensing .
• Myhra, Kristin Sæterdal; Etzelmuller, Bernd & Westermann, Sebastian (2016). The Influence of Steep Rock Walls on the Thermal Regime of Talus Slopes.
• Myhra, Kristin Sæterdal; Etzelmuller, Bernd & Westermann, Sebastian (2014). Sensitivity of Rock Slope Stability in Relation to Thermal Regime - a Study From Norway.
• Myhra, Kristin Sæterdal; Etzelmuller, Bernd & Westermann, Sebastian (2014). The Sensitivity of Rock Wall Temperatures Along a Latitudinal Transect in Norway.
• Gisnås, Kjersti; Etzelmuller, Bernd; Christiansen, Hanne H; Elberling, Bo; Engström, Jonas & Hjort, Jan [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2014). A First Nordic Permafrost Map for Norway, Sweden and Finland.
• Gisnås, Kjersti; Westermann, Sebastian; Etzelmuller, Bernd; Schuler, Thomas; Isaksen, Ketil & Litherland, Tobias [Vis alle 7 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2014). A probabilistic approach to represent small-scale variability of permafrost temperatures due to snow cover.
• Gisnås, Kjersti; Westermann, Sebastian; Schuler, Thomas & Etzelmuller, Bernd (2014). Towards Inclusion of Sub-grid Variability of Snow in Distributed Permafrost Models.
• Westermann, Sebastian; Boike, Julia; Etzelmuller, Bernd; Gisnås, Kjersti; Langer, Moritz & Peter, Maria [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2014). Ground temperature mapping from space.
• Westermann, Sebastian; Langer, Moritz; Peter, Maria; Boike, Julia & Etzelmuller, Bernd (2014). Large-scale monitoring of ground thermal conditions in permafrost areas using satellite-derived LST.
• Peter, Maria; Langer, Moritz; Boike, Julia; Westermann, Sebastian & Etzelmuller, Bernd (2014). Transient permafrost modeling of the Lena River Delta, Siberia.
• Westermann, Sebastian; Langer, Moritz; Peter, Maria; Boike, Julia; Schuler, Thomas & Etzelmuller, Bernd (2014). Large-scale monitoring of ground thermal conditions through data fusion of remote sensing products.
• Peter, Maria; Langer, Moritz; Boike, Julia; Westermann, Sebastian; Schwamborn, Georg & Etzelmuller, Bernd (2014). Modeling the regional differences in permafrost temperatures of the Lena River Delta in northern Siberia based on remote sensing products.
• Westermann, Sebastian; Langer, Moritz; Peter, Maria; Boike, Julia; Gisnås, Kjersti & Aas, Kjetil Schanke [Vis alle 8 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2014). Permafrost models and permafrost landscapes – is there a connection?
• Aas, Kjetil Schanke; Berntsen, Terje Koren; Boike, Julia; Etzelmuller, Bernd; Gisnås, Kjersti & Westermann, Sebastian (2014). Simulating the surface energy balance on Svalbard with the Weather Research and Forecasting model.
• Østby, Torbjørn; Westermann, Sebastian; Gisnås, Kjersti; Etzelmuller, Bernd; Schuler, Thomas & Aas, Kjetil Schanke (2014). Towards a spatial model of ground thermal regime for theSvalbard archipelago.
• Berthling, Ivar Thoralf & Etzelmuller, Bernd (2014). Glacier/permafrost interaction, alpine landscape development and paleic surfaces. Vis sammendrag

  Glacier/permafrost interaction, alpine landscape development and paleic surfaces Berthling, Ivar1; Etzelmüller, Bernd 1Department of Geography, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway; ivar.berthling@svt.ntnu.no 2 Department of Geosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; bernde@geo.uio.no The high-altitude low relief surfaces of southern Norway are traditionally explained by ancient peneplanation and more recent uplift (e.g. Lidmar Bergström et al., 2000), and survival during Pleistocene glaciations under cold-based ice (Fjellanger and Sørbel, 2007). This account is defied by a model where a glacial buzzsaw effect as well as periglacial and fluvial processes have shaped these surfaces (Nielsen et al., 2009). In some areas, they coexist with alpine landscape and blockfields. We show that field relationships between these elements challenge both models. A glacial buzzsaw origin implies that blockfields postdate erosion; however blockfield distribution is at odds with climate and weathering regimes. A preglacial blockfield origin and subsequent preservation beneath cold based ice is the common interpretation (e.g. Strømsøe and Paasche, 2011). Conversely, if cold-based ice sheets protected pre-glacial surfaces and sediments, why not the glacial sediments related to cirque erosion in the same areas? Permafrost/glacier interactions may explain this paradox. Ground ice will respond to the stresses of a growing glacier above it by deformation, which may cause large-scale sediment deformation and entrainment. This is conceptualized as cryo-conditioned landscape development (Berthling & Etzelmüller 2011). Berthling, I. and Etzelmuller, B., 2011. The concept of cryo-conditioning in landscape evolution. Quaternary Research 75, 378-384. DOI 10.1016/j.yqres.2010.12.011 Fjellanger, J. and Sørbel, L., 2007. Origin of the palaeic landforms and glacial impact on the Varanger Peninsula, northern Norway: Norwegian Journal of Geology 87, p. 223-238. Lidmar Bergström, K. et al., 2000. Landforms and uplift history of southern Norway: Global and Planetary Change 24, p. 211-231. Nielsen, S. B., et al., 2009. The evolution of western Scandinavian topography: A review of Neogene uplift versus the ICE (isostasy-climate-erosion) hypothesis: Journal of Geodynamics 47, p. 72-95. Strømsøe, J. R., and Paasche, O., 2011, Weathering patterns in high-latitude regolith: Journal of Geophysical Research-Earth Surface, 116.

• Myhra, Kristin Sæterdal & Etzelmuller, Bernd (2013). Towards a better understanding of rock wall thermal regime and stability in Norway.
• Westermann, Sebastian & Etzelmuller, Bernd (2013). Permafrost thawing and increased winter discharge in Northern Norway – is there a connection?
• Etzelmuller, Bernd; Westermann, Sebastian; Berntsen, Terje Koren; Dunse, Thorben; Gisnås, Kjersti & Hagen, Jon Ove Methlie [Vis alle 12 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2013). CRYOMET – Concept and Results for Bridging Models Between the Atmosphere and the Terrestrial Cryosphere (Glacier and Permafrost).
• Etzelmuller, Bernd (2013). The role of glacial/permafrost interactions in patchy alpine landscape development.
• Lilleøren, Karianne Staalesen; Etzelmuller, Bernd; Gisnås, Kjersti; Humlum, Ole & Schuler, Thomas (2013). Relative age and Holocene distribution of permafrost in Norway.
• Lilleøren, Karianne Staalesen; Gärtner-Roer, Isabelle & Etzelmuller, Bernd (2013). Permafrost landforms in the Tröllaskagi peninsula, northern Iceland – implications for the deglaciation pattern.
• Isaksen, Ketil; Etzelmuller, Bernd; Vikhamar Schuler, Dagrun & Nordli, Øyvind (2013). 15-years of permafrost monitoring on Janssonhaugen, Svalbard; new insights into permafrost response and sensitivity to climate change.
• Etzelmuller, Bernd; Christiansen, H.H.; Gisnås, Kjersti; Isaksen, Ketil; Schuler, Thomas & Westermann, Sebastian (2013). GROUND THERMAL REGIME AND ACTIVE LAYER THICKNESS MONITORING AND MODELLING IN THE NORDIC AREA.
• Etzelmuller, Bernd; Westermann, Sebastian; Berntsen, Terje Koren; Gisnås, Kjersti; Hagen, Jon Ove Methlie & Kristjansson, Jon Egill [Vis alle 10 forfattere av denne artikkelen] (2013). Bridging models for the terrestrial cryosphere and the atmosphere - The CryoMET project.
• Hilger, Paula; Hermanns, Reginald; Etzelmüller, Bernd & Gosse, John C. (2019). Rock-slope failures in Norway - Temporal development and climatic conditioning. Universitetet i Oslo. ISSN 1501-7710. Vis sammendrag

  Norway’s characteristic landscape of deeply incised valleys and fjords is heavily impacted by actively deforming rock slopes and boulder fields formed as a result of catastrophic rock-slope failures. This activity peaked shortly after the last Ice Age, continued throughout the Holocene, and is still ongoing. The late-glacial unloading of glacier ice along valley rockwalls resulted in unstable oversteepened slopes susceptible to failure. Simultaneously permafrost penetrated deeply into the mountains, but subsequently degraded strongly until the Holocene thermal maximum c. 8000 years ago. This induced a new period of increased rock-slope failure activity. Temperatures today are approaching previous maximums, causing further destabilisation due to permafrost thawing which may lead to the sudden failure of recently accelerating rockslides. The methodological approach of this thesis was to date the deposits of pre-historical rock-slope failures in western and northern Norway with the cosmogenic nuclide 10Be. A novel application of this method on sliding surfaces of active rockslides allowed the reconstruction of the sliding history and correlation of the data to recent deformation rates.

Se alle arbeider i Cristin