Anders Rødningsby

• Morrison, Aiden J; Sokolova, Nadezda; Solberg, Anders Martin; Gerrard, Nicolai; Rødningsby, Anders & Hauglin, Harald [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Jammertest 2022: Jamming and Spoofing Lessons Learned †. Engineering Proceedings. ISSN 2673-4591. 54(1). doi: 10.3390/ENC2023-15445. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Jammertest 2022 was a week-long series of satellite navigation and timing signal jamming and spoofing exercises carried out on the Norwegian island of Andøya in September of 2022. Organized via a collaboration between the Norwegian spectrum management authority, defense research establishment, public roads administration, metrology service, and others, the result was the largest known GNSS jamming and spoofing event open to international collaboration and provided an open-access data and publication policy for participants. This paper reviews the event’s organization, scheduled tests, noteworthy jamming observations, noteworthy spoofing observations, and the unexpected observations found during the event and also presents information on what data are publicly available to interested parties, along with the contact information needed to obtain these data.

• Morrison, Aiden J; Sokolova, Nadezda; Gerrard, Nicolai; Rødningsby, Anders; Rost, Christian & Ruotsalainen, Laura (2023). Radio-Frequency Interference Considerations for Utility of the Galileo E6 Signal Based on Long-Term Monitoring by ARFIDAAS. Navigation. ISSN 0028-1522. 70(1). doi: 10.33012/navi.560. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The extent to which navigation signals in the E6 band may be impacted by shared spectrum allocations might be underappreciated. This paper presents top-level observations from a multi-year international radio frequency interference (RFI) monitoring project covering all L-band global navigation satellite system (GNSS) signals with specific focus on the challenges facing the E6 band. The context of this paper is the assumption that most users will be non-authorized and have access to only the open data-bearing signal component and not the encrypted pilot of the E6 Galileo signal. In virtually all locations where the Advanced RFI Detection, Analysis, and Alerting System (ARFIDAAS) monitoring stations were deployed, frequent disruption of the E6 band from systems such as radar installations or other authorized users of the spectrum was observed. In the presented paper, an effort is made to put the observations in the context of the expected use cases of the E6 signal.

• Solend, Tor Atle; Moen, Hans Jonas Fossum & Rødningsby, Anders (2021). Modelling the impact of UAV navigation errors on infrared PV inspection data quality and efficiency. Conference record of the Photovoltaic Specialists Conference. ISSN 0160-8371. p. 991–996. doi: 10.1109/PVSC43889.2021.9518810.
• Rødningsby, Anders & Bar-Shalom, Y (2009). Tracking of Divers using a Probabilistic Data Association Filter with a Bubble Model. IEEE Transactions on Aerospace and Electronic Systems. ISSN 0018-9251. 45(3), p. 1181–1193. doi: 10.1109/TAES.2009.5259192.
• Rødningsby, Anders; Bar-Shalom, Yaakov; Hallingstad, Oddvar & Glattetre, John (2009). Multitarget Multisensor Tracking in the Presence of Wakes. Journal of Advances in Information Fusion. ISSN 1557-6418. 4(2), p. 117–145.
• (2008). Band selection for hyperspectral target-detection based on a multinormal mixture anomaly detection algorithm. Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering. ISSN 0277-786X. 6966. doi: 10.1117/12.777758.
• Rødningsby, Anders; Bar-Shalom, Yaakov; Hallingstad, Oddvar & Glattetre, John (2008). Multitarget Tracking in the Presence of Wakes, Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Information Fusion. IEEE Press. ISSN 978-3-8007-3092-6.
• Rødningsby, Anders & Bar-Shalom, Yaakov (2007). Tracking of Divers in a Noisy Background Using a Bubble Model. Proceedings of SPIE, the International Society for Optical Engineering. ISSN 0277-786X. 6699. doi: 10.1117/12.731629.

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• Solend, Tor Atle; Moen, Hans Jonas Fossum & Rødningsby, Anders (2022). Positioning a UAV for Infrared Inspection of Several Rows of Solar Panels Simultaneously. Proceedings of the European Photovoltaic Solar Energy Conference. ISSN 2196-100X. Show summary

  When photovoltaic (PV) solar panels in a PV power plant deteriorate after some time of operation, a thermographic inspection with unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) can be necessary. Often, faulty panels, or cells within panels, radiate heat that is visible with infrared (IR) cameras. When performing a thermographic inspection of solar panel faults from a UAV, the correct choice of position for the UAV depends on several factors. The camera's pixel resolution and field of view (FOV) set a distance threshold between the panel and the UAV according to a minimum resolution requirement. This threshold is also dependent on the angle between the panel and the UAV. Because of the vast size of some PV power plants, inspecting several rows of panels simultaneously is often appropriate. Latitude-dependent row-to-row distances limit the number of rows which fit inside the FOV which leads to site-dependent strategies. This paper analyzes several key factors, concerning the choice of position for a thermographic inspection of a solar PV power plant with a UAV.

• Solend, Tor Atle; Moen, Hans Jonas Fossum & Rødningsby, Anders (2022). Positioning a UAV for Infrared Inspection of Several Rows of Solar Panels Simultaneously.
• Gerrard, Nicolai; Rødningsby, Anders; Morrison, Aiden J; Sokolova, Nadezda & Rost, Christian (2022). Exploration of Unintentional GNSS RFI Sources: Causes, Occurrence Rates, and Predicted Future Impact, Proceedings of the 35th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2022). Curran Associates, Inc.. ISSN 978-0-936406-32-9. p. 3925–3934. doi: 10.33012/2022.18575. Show summary

  This paper explores the typically ignored topic domain of unintentional GNSS RFI, as opposed to the more commonly documented maliciously generated RFI events, including jamming and spoofing. We begin by defining the numerous sources of unintentional RFI that have been encountered directly by the authors as well as those located through literature survey, then proceed to document examples of observations of the various families and source types of the unintentional RFI discussed. Based on the observations presented here, it is believed that unintentional RFI is presently a larger threat to L1/E1 band device operation than to the other GNSS frequency bands, but that trends in GNSS equipment itself may lead to the other GNSS frequency bands experiencing rapid increases in incidence rates of unintentional RFI over the coming decade.

• Gerrard, Nicolai; Rødningsby, Anders; Morrison, Aiden J; Sokolova, Nadezda & Rost, Christian (2021). GNSS RFI Monitoring and Classification on Norwegian Highways – An Authority Perspective, Proceedings of the 34th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2021). Curran Associates, Inc.. ISSN 978-0-936406-29-9. p. 864–878. doi: 10.33012/2021.17952. Show summary

  This paper presents analysis and results from Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) radio frequency inter-ference (RFI) monitoring along one of the main Norwegian highways. Classification and analysis of GNSS RFI data from a period of 20 months is presented, where a simple correlation analysis is performed to understand RFI effects on some GNSS parameters. It is shown that the main type of GNSS RFI severely affecting GNSS receiv-ers are jammers, yet jammers are in no way the most prevalent cause for RFI observed. The data presented shows a continuation of trends described in earlier monitoring campaigns, with a slight increase of jammers in 2021. The paper also outlines how the results from a monitoring campaign like this could be used effectively in a strategy for spectrum enforcement efforts.

• Morrison, Aiden J; Sokolova, Nadezda; Gerrard, Nicolai; Rødningsby, Anders; Rost, Christian & Ruotsalainen, Laura (2021). RFI Considerations for Utility of the Galileo E6 Signal, Proceedings of the 34th International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2021). Curran Associates, Inc.. ISSN 978-0-936406-29-9. p. 2870–2878. doi: 10.33012/2021.18018. Show summary

  While it is generally known that multi-frequency GNSS implies the coexistence of the satellite navigation signals with other users of the spectrum, the extent to which some of the signals may be impacted by shared spectrum allocations might be underappreciated. This paper presents top level observations from a multi-year international radio frequency interference (RFI) monitoring project covering all L-band signals with specific focus on the challenges facing the E6 band. The context of discussion of the RFI challenges to E6 and their potential mitigations is based on the assumption that most users will be non-authorized and have access to only the open data bearing signal component. In virtually all locations where the Advanced RFI Detection, Analysis and Alerting System (ARFIDAAS) monitoring stations were deployed, frequent disruption of the E6 band from systems such as RADARS or other authorized users of the spectrum was observed. In the presented paper, an effort is made to put the observations in the context of the expected use cases of the E6 signal, as well as the motivations of the other users of the spectrum and the options for coexistence from the point of view of the GNSS receiver.

• (2021). Monitorering av GNSS-forstyrrelser i veitrafikken - jamming eller utilsiktet støy?
• Rødningsby, Anders; Morrison, Aiden J; Sokolova, Nadezda; Gerrard, Nicolai & Rost, Christian (2020). RFI Monitoring of GNSS Signals on Norwegian Highways, Proceedings of the 33rd International Technical Meeting of the Satellite Division of the Institute of Navigation (ION GNSS+ 2020). Curran Associates, Inc.. ISSN 0-936406-26-7. p. 3536–3549. Show summary

  This paper presents the analysis and results from radio frequency interference (RFI) monitoring along main highways in Norway. The work started with an initial two months monitoring campaign in 2013, followed by a few shorter monitoring campaigns up through 2017. From January 2018 the system has been monitoring continuously, but the presented results cover only data up to the end of 2019. The extracted trend data show that the number of intentional jammers have increased from 2013 and up to 2018, but indicate a significant reduction in 2019. One potential reason for the reduction in 2019 can be that GPS jammers had a rising interest in the Norwegian media in the first quarter of 2019, leading to increased public awareness of the illegality of jamming and the potential to be caught if using jammers. The detections, including both intentional and non-intentional interference, are relatively equally distributed among the different vehicles, however the detections that are likely to originate from intentional GNSS jammers are mainly found in trucks and vans, often marked with a company logo.

• (2019). Forstyrrelse av GNSS - Jamming og spoofing.
• (2016). Navigasjonskrigføring (NAVWAR) - NEMO 2016.
• (2015). GPS Jamming ...og litt spoofing.
• (2014). GPS Jamming - Skjer det i Norge?
• Rødningsby, Anders; Bar-Shalom, Yaakov; Hallingstad, Oddvar & Glattetre, John (2008). Multitarget Tracking in the Presence of Wakes.
• Rødningsby, Anders & Bar-Shalom, Yaakov (2007). Tracking of Divers in a Noisy Background Using a Bubble Model.
• (2010). Multitarget Multisensor Tracking in the Presence of Wakes. Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet. ISSN 978-82-471-2156-6. 2010(97).

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