Julia Wind

• Spitthoff, Lena; Vie, Preben Joakim Svela; Wahl, Markus Solberg; Wind, Julia & Burheim, Odne Stokke (2023). Incremental capacity analysis (dQ/dV) as a tool for analysing the effect of ambient temperature and mechanical clamping on degradation. Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry. ISSN 1572-6657. 944. doi: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117627. Full text in Research Archive
• Ellingsen, Linda Ager-Wick; Thorne, Rebecca Jayne; Wind, Julia; Figenbaum, Erik; Romare, Mia & Nordelöf, Anders (2022). Life cycle assessment of battery electric buses. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. ISSN 1361-9209. 112(November), p. 1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.trd.2022.103498. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Different Li-ion battery technologies and sizes are used in battery electric buses (BEBs), but little is known about the environmental effect of various battery technology and sizing alternatives. In a cradle-to-grave life cycle assessment of seven BEBs, we consider three battery technologies combined with relevant pack sizes to evaluate the size and range effect. The environmental performance of the BEBs was assessed over the typical length of a bus tender of 10 years as well as an extended lifetime of 20 years. Across six environmental impact categories we found that the size and range effect depends to a large extent on the performance of the battery technology and that a smaller battery size of the same technology is not necessarily environmentally preferable. Furthermore, extending the BEB lifetime from 10 to 20 years changes the environmental performance as well as relative contributions to environmental impact potentials for the various BEB alternatives.

• Gran, Bjørn Axel; Esnoul, Coralie; Wind, Julia; Vie, Preben Joakim Svela & Lian, Torleif (2021). Safety and Security Impacts on Integrated Use of Li-On Batteries in an Energy Island, 2021 IEEE PES/IAS PowerAfrica. IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers). ISSN 978-1-6654-0311-5. doi: https:/doi.org/10.1109/PowerAfrica52236.2021.9543384.
• El-Kharbachi, Abdelouahab; Wind, Julia; Ruud, Amund; Høgset, Astrid Bygdås; Nygård, Magnus Moe & Zhang, Junxian [Show all 14 contributors for this article] (2020). Pseudo-ternary LiBH4-LiCl-P2S5 system as structurally disordered bulk electrolyte for all-solid-state lithium batteries. Physical Chemistry, Chemical Physics - PCCP. ISSN 1463-9076. 22(25), p. 13872–13879. doi: 10.1039/d0cp01334j. Full text in Research Archive
• Sønsteby, Henrik Hovde; Wind, Julia; Jensen, Martin; Storaas, Thomas Aarflot; Chernyshov, Dmitry & Fjellvåg, Helmer (2019). In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction of thin films under perturbation by an electric field. Ferroelectrics (Print). ISSN 0015-0193. 537, p. 20–26. doi: 10.1080/00150193.2018.1528953.
• Li, Xinyu; Bianchini, Federico; Wind, Julia; Vajeeston, Ponniah; Wragg, David & Fjellvåg, Helmer (2019). P2 Type Layered Solid-State Electrolyte Na2Zn2TeO6: Crystal Structure and Stacking Faults . Journal of the Electrochemical Society. ISSN 0013-4651. 166(15), p. A3830–A3837. doi: 10.1149/2.1231915jes.

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• Wind, Julia; Ulvestad, Asbjørn; Abdelhamid, Muhammad & Mæhlen, Jan Petter (2024). Cellpy – an open-source library for processing and analysis of battery testing data. Journal of Open Source Software (JOSS). ISSN 2475-9066. doi: 10.21105/joss.06236.
• Ostrander, John; Wragg, David Stephen; Vie, Preben Joakim Svela; Wind, Julia & Koposov, Alexey (2024). Identifying key degradation patterns as a function of ageing temperature: A post-mortem study.
• Hua, Jinsong; Vie, Preben Joakim Svela & Wind, Julia (2024). Extending an Empirical Degradation Model for Li-ion Batteries into Second-Life Applications.
• Wind, Julia & Vie, Preben Joakim Svela (2024). Revisiting pseudo-OCV pulse-based incremental capacity analysis .
• Wind, Julia; Ostrander, John; Shearing, Paul Robert; Mæhlen, Jan Petter & Vie, Preben Joakim Svela (2024). A Direct Comparison of a Power and an Energy-optimized Li-ion Pouch Cell: Characterization, Ageing and Modelling.
• Wind, Julia; Ostrander, John; Shearing, Paul Robert; Mæhlen, Jan Petter & Vie, Preben Joakim Svela (2024). A Direct Comparison of a Power and an Energy-optimized Li-ion Pouch Cell: Characterization, Ageing and Modelling .
• Wind, Julia; Ostrander, John; Shearing, Paul Robert; Mæhlen, Jan Petter & Vie, Preben Joakim Svela (2024). A Direct Comparison of a Power and an Energy-optimized Li-ion Pouch Cell: Characterization, Ageing and Modelling .
• Vie, Preben Joakim Svela; Wind, Julia; Ostrander, John; Spitthoff, Lena; Lian, Torleif & Gilljam, Martin (2023). Safety and diagnostics of aged large commercial Li-ion pouch cells.
• Ezeigwe, Ejikeme Raphael; Erichsen, Lene Therese Backus; Wahl, Markus Solberg; Wind, Julia; Vie, Preben Joakim Svela & Burheim, Odne Stokke (2023). The Study of High-Energy Lithium Polymer Cells for Second-Life Applications.
• Ostrander, John; Vie, Preben Joakim Svela; Wragg, David Stephen; Koposov, Alexey; Lian, Torleif & Wind, Julia [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2023). Post-Mortem Analysis of a Commercial Li-Ion Pouch Cell and the Effects of Aging on Overall Battery State of Health (SOH).
• Hua, Jinsong; Vie, Preben Joakim Svela & Wind, Julia (2023). Fast Estimation of Entropy Profiles for Lithium-Ion Batteries.
• Vie, Preben Joakim Svela; Lian, Torleif; Wind, Julia; Wind, Julia; Ostrander, John & Spitthoff, Lena (2023). Diagnostics of Safety Hazardous Ageing Conditions for Commercial Lithium-Ion Pouch Cells.
• Vie, Preben Joakim Svela; Wind, Julia & Lian, Torleif (2023). Kan brukte litium-ion-batterier fra elbiler brukes om igjen? Teknisk Ukeblad. ISSN 0040-2354.
• Wind, Julia & Vie, Preben Joakim Svela (2023). Økt forståelse av sikkerheten til maritime Li-ion batterier. Skipsrevyen. ISSN 0800-2282. 12.
• Spitthoff, Lena; Lian, Torleif & Wind, Julia (2023). Safety and Diagnostics of Maritime Batteries.
• Ellingsen, Linda Ager-Wick; Thorne, Rebecca Jayne; Wind, Julia; Figenbaum, Erik; Romare, Mia & Nordelöf, Anders (2023). Corrigendum to “Life cycle assessment of battery electric buses” [Transp. Res. Part D: Transp. Environ. 112 (2022) 103498]. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment. ISSN 1361-9209. 116(March 2023), p. 1–3. doi: 10.1016/j.trd.2023.103628.
• Vie, Preben Joakim Svela; Gilljam, Martin; Wind, Julia; Lian, Torleif & Forseth, Sissel (2021). Observations of Gas Evolution at End-of-Life in Commercial Li-Ion Cells – Analyses and Diagnostics. Show summary

  It is well-known that Lithium-ion cells can have safety issues. A large number of battery fire incidents have been reported the last years within e.g. battery energy storage systems [1], electric and hybrid-electric ships [2], electric vehicles and mobile phones [3]. The causes for these incidents are numerous and can include internal shortage of the Li-ion cell, external shortage of the battery system, over-heating and over-charging. All these causes involve overheating of the battery that can lead to an eventual thermal runaway which again could lead to a full battery fire. We have earlier reported changes in thermal stability of Li-ion cells aged by cycling and shown that specific cycling regimes can decrease the thermal stability of Li-ion cells to a large extent [4]. Another safety hazard is the gas evolution in Li-ion pouch cells during and after cycling at normal operating temperatures. The gas evolution can be so high that the pouch cell will expand significantly and eventually burst due to the increased overpressure building up inside the cell. While several studies focus on gas evolution under extreme thermal runaway conditions, reports on gas evolution under “normal” operating conditions and even storage are rare. This gas evolution is not well described in literature and the gas composition might be different compared to gases commonly released during a thermal event in the Li-ion battery. This study is based on results from a cycle life study performed on a large renowned Li-ion pouch cell with an initial capacity of more than 50 Ah. A total of 39 cells were cycled following a selected test matrix including various temperatures, current rates and State-of-Charge limits. All cells were cycled until they reached a remaining capacity of between 60 to 70 % State-of-Health. Already during cycling, the thickness of the cells increased, for some cells even by up to 50% by the time they reached end of life. In addition to the swelling during cycling, one third of the tested cells started to evolve significant amounts of gas during storage at 5 °C, i.e. after the cycling was finished and the cells had reached the lower remaining capacity. This gas evolution was further analyzed to scrutinize the causes of this gassing. To determine the composition of the gas evolved in the cells, the gas was retrieved by carefully inserting a syringe with a sharp needle through the top of the cell into the gas-filled void. The gas composition was then analyzed by gas chromatography (GC), coupled with three different detectors: mass spectrometry (MS), thermal conductivity (TCD) and flame ionization. The analysis revealed that more than 95 % of the gas within the cell comprised of hydrogen, methane and ethane, with hydrogen being the largest contributor. A small amount of electrolyte solvents (EMC and DMC) was found, which was expected due to the low vapor pressure at low temperatures. CO and CO2 levels were found to be below 1 %. A post-mortem study of selected gassed cells was performed to investigate the causes of the gassing. During cycling a large set of diagnostic data was compiled to investigate links between the cycling conditions and the specific findings from the post-mortem study. References [1] McKinnon MB, DeCrance S, Kerber S. Four Firefigheters Injured In Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage System Explosion - Arizona. In: Laboratories U, editor. Columbia, MD: Underwriters Laboratories; 2020. p. 66. [2] Norwegian Maritime Authority. Supporting preliminary findings after battery incident. Norwegian Maritime Authority2019.

• Forseth, Sissel; Wind, Julia; Andersen, Hanne Flåten & Vie, Preben Joakim Svela (2021). Project 2ND LIFE - The value of second life batteries in the future energy system – some highlights.
• Andersen, Hanne Flåten; Foss, Carl Erik Lie & Wind, Julia (2021). LIB TECHNOLOGY MAPPING REPORT UPDATE 2021 - Update to the BATMAN report on current and future trends within lithium-ion battery chemistry. IFE.
• Andersen, Hanne Flåten; Skare, Marte Orderud & Wind, Julia (2019). LIB TECHNOLOGY MAPPING REPORT - A BATMAN report on current and future trends within lithium-ion battery chemistry. IFE.

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