Tor Håkon Jackson Inderberg

• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson; Nykamp, Hilde Andrea; Olkkonen, Ville; Rosenberg, Eva & Taranger, Karianne Krohn (2024). Identifying and analysing important model assumptions: Combining techno-economic and political feasibility of deep decarbonisation pathways in Norway. Energy Research & Social Science. ISSN 2214-6296. 112. doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2024.103496. Show summary

  Understanding the political feasibility of transition pathways is a key issue in energy transitions. Policy changes are a significant source of uncertainty in energy system optimisation modelling. Energy system models are nevertheless continuously being updated to reflect policy signals as realistically as possible. Using the concept of transition pathways as a starting point, this cross-disciplinary study combines energy system optimization modelling with political feasibility of different transition pathways. This combination generates insights into key political decision points in the ongoing energy transition. Resting on actor support structure and political feasibility of four main pathway categories (electrification, hydrogen, biomass, and energy efficiency), we identify critical model assumptions that are politically significant and impact model outcome. Then, by replacing the critical assumptions with technical limitations we model a scenario that is unrestrained by assumptions about policy, we identify areas where political choices are key to model outcomes. The combination of actor preferences and modelled energy system consequences enables the identification of future key decision points. We find that there is considerable support for electrification as the main pathway to net-zero. The implications of widespread electrification, in terms of energy production and grid capacity, lead us to identify challenging policy decisions with implications for the energy transition.

• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson; Palm, Jenny & Matthiasen, Eivind Hjort (2024). Flexible electricity consumption policies in Norway and Sweden: Implications for energy justice. Energy Research & Social Science. ISSN 2214-6296. 110. doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2024.103466. Show summary

  Policies for shifting household electricity load are in focus in several countries, aimed at optimizing grid operation and tackling current and expected challenges from consumption patterns, like increased peak loads on the grid. Central here are recent developments in capacity charges, where the use of significant amounts of grid capacity is priced high, compared to the traditional pricing of electricity consumption. These capacity charges tend to be developed at the interface between system needs and incumbent actor influence from the sector on the one side, and arguments for a ‘just’ and consumer-oriented design, like simplicity and actual effect on behaviour, on the other. Comparing the consultation processes concerning policy design in Norway and Sweden, this study investigates if and how these capacity charge policies consider consumer perspectives and needs, and explores the implications for energy justice. The two countries have similar tariff models, but differing consumer considerations have become apparent. In both countries, the policy process has been dominated by sector incumbent actors; the consumer considerations that were included were weak, general, and not grounded in knowledge. Consumer representation has been low. In this study, we note the implications for recognition, procedural, and distributional justice. Our findings indicate the need for further development of balanced policy processes within the energy sector.

• Bailey, Ian; Nutkins, Robert & Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2023). The anchoring effect of climate change acts: a policy streams analysis of Ireland’s climate act reform. Climate Policy. ISSN 1469-3062. doi: 10.1080/14693062.2023.2261886. Show summary

  The number of political jurisdictions introducing climate change acts (CCAs) has grown in recent years. As framework legislation, CCAs seek to exert anchoring effects on climate policy development by establishing general goals, principles and obligations that subsequent policies to reduce emissions must uphold. Despite expansive research on the negotiation of CCAs, limited analysis exists of factors shaping their anchoring effect or how tensions aligning other climate policies with CCA requirements are managed. This article addresses this by utilizing Kingdon’s multiple streams framework to analyze the negotiation of the Irish Climate Action and Low Carbon Development (Amendment) Act 2021, a CCA with contentious provisions for sectoral emissions ceilings. It examines how political agreement was secured on the need for stronger climate action (problem stream), the concept of the Act (policy stream), and individual provisions (political stream). The analysis nevertheless indicates that different interpretations of ‘the problem’ emerged in discussions on the impacts of sector emissions ceilings and carbon taxation. Consensus in the political stream equally proved challenging where representatives used the Act’s provisions to question other parties’ commitments to climate action, just transition and procedural fairness. The article highlights two broader considerations for the anchoring effect of CCAs: the importance of maintaining a consistent focus on climate change to prevent problems with policies to address climate change from dominating CCA debates; and whether to restrict CCAs to general principles that diminish their anchoring effect compared with incorporating detailed obligations that may increase political tensions over the CCA and future policies.

• Eikeland, Per Ove; Taranger, Karianne Krohn; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Gulbrandsen, Lars Harald (2023). A wind of change in Norway: Explaining shifts in municipal stances on wind power by policy feedback and energy justice. Energy Research & Social Science. ISSN 2214-6296. 104. doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2023.103231.
• Lindberg, Marie Byskov & Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2023). Just sharing? Energy injustices in the Norwegian solar policy mix for collective prosuming. Energy Research & Social Science. ISSN 2214-6296. 103. doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2023.103219. Show summary

  There is increasing evidence that the energy transition incorporates new types of inequalities for different types of energy consumers. In many places, detached dwellings are highly overrepresented among the building types with solar PV installed. Based on document analysis and high-level interviews, this article analyses the policy mix for rooftop solar energy in Norway through an energy justice lens, focusing on multi-apartment buildings and housing cooperatives. Such cooperatives resemble both a Renewable Energy Community and a Citizen Energy Community as defined in the EU's ‘Clean Energy for all Europeans’-package. We identify several energy injustices in the solar PV policy mix, which effectively impede residents in multi-apartment buildings from collectively producing their own electricity. As a result, very few multi-apartment buildings and housing cooperatives produce their own electricity. Most importantly, current regulations add electricity taxes, grid fees and VAT to the collectively self-consumed electricity as soon as it enters each individual dwelling. By contrast, detached households are allowed to practise hourly net-metering, thereby consuming their self-produced electricity behind the meter without any additional taxes or fees. Finally, our findings show that perceptions of a ‘fair’ policy mix vary considerably, and that equal rules affect various groups of residents differently.

• Wettestad, Jørgen; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Gulbrandsen, Lars Harald (2023). Exploring paths and innovation in Norwegian carbon capture and storage policy. Environmental Policy and Governance. ISSN 1756-932X. doi: 10.1002/eet.2068. Full text in Research Archive
• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson; Leikanger, Iris & Westskog, Hege (2023). Institutional context, innovations, and energy transitions: Exploring solar photovoltaics with hydrogen storage at a secondary school in Norway. Energy Research & Social Science. ISSN 2214-6296. 101. doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2023.103147. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Public administrative action is crucial in facilitating sustainability transitions. Although organizational structures, cultures and established practices have been shown to lead to differing innovation results and technological diffusion at various levels of governance, little attention has been paid to the role of local government and administration in sustainable energy transitions. This study analyses renewable energy innovation at the local level of public administration in Norway. Drawing on the institutional and entrepreneurial literature, we examine the key formal decisions and organizational culture development that, combined with policy entrepreneurship, ultimately led to an unlikely and risky decision: to include a costly and unusual local energy system in the construction of a new secondary school. Tracing the administrative processes over 20 years, and drawing on document data supported by 14 interviews, we find that the strong and politically shielded administrative section, backed by a firm mandate and an established internal culture of innovation anchored in historic and local identity among the population and local industry, led to this decision. These factors were further facilitated by acts of policy entrepreneurship at crucial moments, shaping the underlying structures and institutional culture. The independence and strong direction of the administrative section can be emulated in other contexts in order to facilitate innovation. With suitable adaptations to other contexts, our findings may help to accelerate energy transitions through system innovations elsewhere.

• Skjærseth, Jon Birger; Eikeland, Per Ove & Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2022). Biofuelling the energy transition in Nordic countries: explaining overachievement of EU renewable transport obligations. International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law and Economics. ISSN 1567-9764. doi: 10.1007/s10784-022-09587-2. Full text in Research Archive
• Bredvold, Torjus Lunder & Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2022). Shockingly cold and electricity-dependent in a rich context: Energy poor households in Norway. Energy Research & Social Science. ISSN 2214-6296. 91. doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2022.102745. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Norway remains an understudied context for energy poverty. Resting on semi-structured interviews with 17 households located in two general areas around the wider Oslo region, the article draws on Bourdieu's concepts of social fields and capitals, as well as more recent social practice theory. We use this to explore what makes Norwegian households vulnerable to energy poverty, their coping strategies, and implications for health and wellbeing. With its particular reliance on electricity as household energy carrier, general high income-levels, and being at the forefront of the energy transition, the case of Norway generates insights useful for understanding energy poverty implications of decarbonisation. We show that households that are heavily dependent on electricity, have unstable incomes, and live in energy-inefficient rental housing are especially vulnerable. The most marginalised households are typically headed by unemployed persons of working age; dependent on parental assistance to live ‘normal’ lives, and they often struggle with stigmatisation and shame. Lack of access to economic and social capital influences their energy practices and vulnerability in several social fields, also beyond direct living conditions. With increasing electrification of sectors like heating, transport and industry, findings from Norway are relevant to energy-poverty scholarship on electricity dependency and decarbonisation.

• Andersen, Mikael Skou; Christensen, Lotte; Donner-Amnell, Jakob; Eikeland, Per Ove; Hedeler, Barbara & Hildingsson, Roger [Show all 17 contributors for this article] (2022). To facilitate a fair bioeconomy transition, stronger regional-level linkages are needed. Biofuels, Bioproducts and Biorefining. ISSN 1932-104X. doi: 10.1002/bbb.2363. Full text in Research Archive
• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Bailey, Ian (2022). Anchoring Policies, Alignment Tensions: Reconciling New Zealand’s Climate Change Act and Emissions Trading Scheme. Politics and Governance. ISSN 2183-2463. 10(1), p. 290–301. doi: 10.17645/pag.v10i1.4788. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Climate Change Acts (CCAs) seek to anchor national climate policy by establishing long‐term targets and lines of accountability that guide the development of other climate policy instruments. However, counter‐pressures to modify CCAs can occur where tensions exist with the provisions of already‐established policies that enjoy substantial political and stakeholder support. Such tensions can be especially pronounced where CCAs necessitate major changes to emissions trading schemes (ETSs) that have formed the mainstay of efforts to reduce national emissions. This article employs a novel anchoring policy framework to examine the dynamics of aligning ETSs with CCAs. We investigate debates on reforms to the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme following the introduction of the Zero Carbon Act in 2019 to examine how alignment pressures between anchoring and subordinate policies are negotiated. The analysis reveals several tactics used to increase the acceptability of reforms to the New Zealand Emissions Trading Scheme and protect the Zero Carbon Act’s integrity. The article concludes by arguing that a greater understanding of alignment pressures between anchoring and subordinate policies is essential in enabling both CCAs and ETSs to contribute to achieving decarbonisation goals.

• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Saglie, Inger-Lise (2021). Planlegging av vindkraftanlegg og kommunens rolle. In Hauge, Katrine Broch & Stokke, Knut Bjørn (Ed.), Integrert kystsoneforvaltning. Planfaglege, samfunnsvitskapelege og juridiske perspektiv. . Universitetsforlaget. ISSN 978-82-15-04508-5. p. 221–245. Show summary

  Dette kapittelet analyserer kommunens rolle i vindkraftuttbygging. Basert på 19 intervjuer og dokumentanalyse går vi gjennom både de formelle og uformelle sidene ved kommunens deltakelse. Vi finner stor avstand mellom formelle krav og praksis. Kommunen har formelt sett bare en rolle som høringspart i denne prosessen, men spiller reelt en sentral rolle i den tidlige fasen før konsesjon gis. Det er som regel tidlig kontakt mellom utbygger og kommune. Konsesjonsmyndighet legger svært stor vekt på kommunens holdning i sin vurdering. I detaljfasen etter konsesjon er gitt, er kommunen i begrenset grad involvert, noe som kan bidra til å øke graden av konflikt i vindkraftutbygging.

• Gulbrandsen, Lars Harald; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Jevnaker, Torbjørg (2021). Is political steering gone with the wind? Administrative power and wind energy licensing practices in Norway . Energy Research & Social Science. ISSN 2214-6296. 74. doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2021.101963. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  The conflicts and potential trade-offs between renewable energy development and nature protection are evident in policies aimed at promoting windpower, particularly in nature areas under high pressure from human activities. However, surprisingly little is known about the influence of political steering on windpower licensing practices. This article examines how political steering has affected the weight accorded to environmental considerations in the licensing practices of the Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE). We find that the NVE enjoys significant discretion in interpreting and implementing political decisions, and that the Ministry of Petroleum and Energy (OED) has not provided clear steering signals regarding nature protection. Political pressures for expanded renewable energy production are reflected in the significant attention paid to economic and technical considerations in the licensing process. We conclude that ministerial steering signals and the NVE’s technocratic culture have pushed in the same direction: greater development of windpower, at the expense of transparent and predictable consideration for nature concerns.

• Bailey, Ian; Fitch-Roy, Oscar; Jackson Inderberg, Tor Håkon & Benson, David J. (2021). Idealism, pragmatism, and the power of compromise in the negotiation of New Zealand's Zero Carbon Act. Climate Policy. ISSN 1469-3062. doi: 10.1080/14693062.2020.1868393. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Discursive choices made by policy entrepreneurs are an important factor in the development of climate change acts (CCAs). This article examines the extent to which such choices reflect the strategic need for CCA entrepreneurs to compromise pragmatically and modulate their policy preferences in order to secure the agreement needed for CCA adoption. Drawing upon theoretical insights from discursive institutionalism (DI) and policy entrepreneurship, this article analyses discursive choices during negotiations surrounding the New Zealand Zero Carbon Act (ZCA). The analysis shows that endogenous political-ideological constraints compelled entrepreneurial actors to modify first-choice preferences for emissions reduction legislation by reframing their coordinative discursive interventions to accommodate potentially oppositional groups. Further research is required into the conditions under which such strategies become discursively operational, to provide guidance to climate policy entrepreneurs as CCAs continue to diffuse globally.

• Stephenson, Janet; Sovacool, Benjamin K. & Jackson Inderberg, Tor Håkon (2021). Energy cultures and national decarbonisation pathways. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. ISSN 1364-0321. 137. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110592. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Global climate change negotiations are delivering expectations that all nations must commit to rapidly reducing their reliance on fossil fuels. It is unclear why there is such significant variability in nations’ decarbonisation ambitions. We use the lens of ‘energy cultures’ to explore what insights this analysis can offer to this question. We suggest that a country’s ‘energy culture’ can be envisaged as the interplay between normative, material, institutional and policy-related attributes of the national decision-making apparatus. This provides a meta-framework which underpins our exploration of factors which previous studies suggest may shape national energy ambitions. We apply this framework to case studies of India, Denmark, China and Russia to see whether it has explanatory power across diverse cases, initially using four empirical indicators. There was no consistent correlation between the indicators and low-carbon ambitions, which led us to draw more deeply and inductively on the cultural influences evident in each nation over a 30-year period. Our findings suggest that national low-carbon ambitions are strongly cultural, contingent upon how any particular nation sees the role of energy, and the choices, policies, investments and actions that flow from this. This energy culture may constrain the extent to which nations are willing to respond to the challenge of climate change. The analysis indicates how nations require very different stimuli if they are to strengthen their low-carbon trajectories. We conclude that the concept of national energy cultures is a useful addition to approaches that are examining how to raise national low-carbon ambitions.

• Rayner, Tim; Leiren, Merethe Dotterud & Jackson Inderberg, Tor Håkon (2021). The United Kingdom: From market-led policy towards technology steering. In Boasson, Elin Lerum; Leiren, Merethe Dotterud & Wettestad, Jørgen (Ed.), Comparative Renewables Policy: Political, Organizational and European Fields. Routledge. ISSN 9780367187668. Show summary

  The policy instrument mix by which the UK government has sought to promote renewable electricity has undergone a remarkable journey of twist and turns. This chapter aims to makes sense of 30 years of ongoing change and revision. The energy sector has featured prominently in the UK’s quest for market liberalization since the 1980s. Moreover, as a ‘first-mover’ in liberalizing energy markets, the UK has helped to shape EU energy policy. The European Commission endorsed the UK’s promotion of market-oriented instruments such as tradeable green certificates, at a time when EU-level policy-makers were seeking to harmonize support schemes in the process leading to the 2001 Renewable Energy Directive. In 2002, the government implemented a system of the green certificate type, the Renewables Obligation (RO). However, a decade later the UK moved to replace this with a ‘Contracts for Difference’ system. Moreover, it introduced a feed-in tariff to support small-scale renewable electricity generation. These shifts have been regarded as significant turns away from the hitherto preferred market-led approach, in favour of more technology-specific, centralized planning of the electricity sector. In this chapter we ask: why did the apparent taboo on detailed state steering lift, to the extent that the UK developed a technology-specific support mix featuring ‘Contracts for Difference’ for large-scale, and a feed-in tariff for small-scale, renewable electricity? We find that developments in the European environment, organizational and political fields have all played important roles at different times, and are interrelated in complex ways. Prior to 1999, developments in the organizational field were the most decisive. Likewise, for the 2000–2004 period, the shift to the Renewables Obligation certificate scheme was primarily influenced by the organizational field and its market logic. Between 2005 and 2009, a combination of developments in the European environment and factors in the political field, with interdependencies between developments in the two spheres, contributed to spur change. From 2010 to 2015, organizational field-level developments, supported by and interrelated to European environment developments, account for the shift towards Contracts for Difference. However, the evidence suggests that such an instrument would most probably have appeared even without European Commission involvement.

• Jackson Inderberg, Tor Håkon; Sæle, Hanne; Westskog, Hege & Winther, Tanja (2020). The dynamics of solar prosuming: Exploring interconnections between actor groups in Norway. Energy Research & Social Science. ISSN 2214-6296. 70, p. 1–11. doi: 10.1016/j.erss.2020.101816. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Solar prosuming is an emerging phenomenon in which many actor groups are involved in shaping new solutions. Here we study national policymakers, relevant stakeholders such as grid companies, and the prosumers themselves – and the interconnections between them – to provide a contextualised exploration of positions, perceptions and interconnections that influence prosuming activities. Our 65 in-depth interviews in Norway, 33 of which with pioneering prosumers show that this group is not attracted to prosuming primarily for financial reasons, but for pursuing particular identities. However, our results also indicate that if prosuming were to become more widespread, economic considerations would be central. Further, the interplay among actor groups, mediated through current regulations and technologies, and the related perceptions, affect the uptake and organisation of solar prosuming activities. Third-party market actors such as the solar and building industry play important roles, as do grid companies and municipalities that are expected to facilitate prosuming activities. Given the current policy framework in Norway, we conclude that if increasing prosuming activities becomes a desired political goal, this will require stronger financial incentives for individual prosumers, and a deeper understanding of the interplay among actors across arenas and sectors.

• Jackson Inderberg, Tor Håkon (2020). Centrally Decentralising? Analysing Key Policies and Pathways in Norway's Electricity Transitions. Politics and Governance. ISSN 2183-2463. 8(3). doi: 10.17645/pag.v8i3.2874. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  With national electricity systems, ‘transition’ may involve decentralising production and ownership, and digitalising the system. These processes are facilitated by smart metering, ‘prosuming,’ and changes in consumer behaviour. Driving factors may be national steering, or the process can be left to the market. In Norway, the government has opted for tightly steered national coordination of three key areas: national smart-meter implementation (since 2011), prosumer regulation (since 2016), and a national end-user demand flexibility regulation (expected to be adopted in 2020). These regulations influence production patterns, energy flows and grid activities. Drawing on organisational fields theory, this article asks: Why was it decided to adopt these policies centrally? Which actors have had greatest influence on policy outputs? And, finally, what of the possible implications? The regulations, developed in a sector in a state of field crisis, have generally been supported by the relevant actors. The Norwegian case can help to explain incumbent roles and field crisis, as well as nuanced drivers in complex transitions, beyond decarbonisation.

• Jackson Inderberg, Tor Håkon; Theisen, Ole Magnus & Flåm, Karoline Hægstad (2020). What influences windpower decisions? A statistical analysis of licensing in Norway. Journal of Cleaner Production. ISSN 0959-6526. 273. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.122860. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  While windpower is expanding globally, so too is the concern over increased land-use pressure and the environmental impacts of large-scale power plants. In the literature, little is known about how local resistance and environmental impacts affect windpower licensing decisions. This article addresses this knowledge gap by investigating the weight accorded these factors in a licensing process. Using a new and comprehensive dataset based on all windpower project applications in Norway 2000–2019, we statistically analyse whether environmental impact and the stance taken by local authorities influence the final licensing decision. Both factors are found to have a strong influence: a high environmental impact substantially reduces the likelihood of obtaining a licence, and a negative hosting municipality in practice has almost veto power. Our findings have important implications for research on energy democracy, energy justice and fairness, environmental policy integration and the acceptance literature. As little quantitative research has examined how environmental factors and stakeholder positions affect licensing decisions, this article contributes general insights and an analytical approach which can be used comparatively across contexts and sectors.

• Leiren, Merethe Dotterud; Jackson Inderberg, Tor Håkon & Rayner, Tim (2020). Policy styles, opportunity structures and proportionality: Comparing renewable electricity policies in the UK. International Political Science Review. ISSN 0192-5121. p. 1–15. doi: 10.1177/0192512120907112. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Researchers expect under-reaction in climate policy. However, this might differ depending on the access of different interest groups to a political system. To explore the relationship between entrenched patterns of domestic politics and proportionality of climate policy, we compare two renewables policies which financially support new renewable electricity in the UK. Drawing on the literature on policy styles and related opportunity structures, this article shows that UK political parties have responded to growing public concern and NGO pressure by, at times, trying to out-green one another to win votes. However, powerful industry actors have been influential in shaping UK renewables policies, in particular when political competition about the individual policies has been low. The findings suggest that an over-reaction in terms of exceeding the marginal costs of renewable electricity production is equally likely under conditions of high or low political competition.

• Saglie, Inger-Lise; Jackson Inderberg, Tor Håkon & Rognstad, Helga (2020). What shapes municipalities’ perceptions of fairness in windpower developments? Local Environment : the International Journal of Justice and Sustainability. ISSN 1354-9839. 25(2), p. 147–161. doi: 10.1080/13549839.2020.1712342. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Siting controversies have become familiar in windpower development. Process and outcome fairness in the form of economic benefits to local communities and inclusion in decision-making processes are recognised as important elements in local acceptance of windpower installations. To these, we add the concept of “relative fairness” influencing perceptions of overall fairness. In this article, we examine why Norwegian municipalities agree to host windpower, and the role of process, outcome and relative fairness in this decision. Municipalities are central in providing welfare services, and in ensuring a viable local economy and local workplaces. Process fairness is important, as is evident when municipalities have little influence in the detailed planning of the plants. Also, outcome fairness, in the form of economic compensation – particularly through property tax – is decisive for positive attitudes towards windfarms, as municipalities can strengthen their role as welfare providers and boost local economic activities. Less emphasised are the effects on global climate and national climate goals. However, effects on local landscape and nature are also important for municipalities, as became clear when the national government proposed withdrawing the municipalities’ possibilities of levying property taxes. The municipalities argue that it is only fair to receive something in return for hosting windmills, and relative fairness is important to their argument for equal treatment regarding hydro- and wind-power electricity production in the form of a natural resource tax.

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• Skjærseth, Jon Birger; Hansen, Teis; Donner-Amnell, Jakob; Hanson, Jens; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Nielsen, Helle Ørsted [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Wind Power Policies and Diffusion in the Nordic Countries: Comparative Patterns. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-3-031-34186-1. 168 p.

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• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2024). Energifattigdom og respons på forbrukerrådets undersøkelse i leiemarkedet - en rundebordskonferanse. Show summary

  Sammenlignet PowerPoor-prosjektets funn med Forbrukerrådets foreløpige funn og diskuterte mulige politiske virkemidler-

• Bakken, Vebjørn; Winther, Tanja & Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2024). Rettferdig energiomstilling – er det mulig? [podcast]. [Internet]. https://www.uio.no/forskning/satsinger/uio-energi-og-miljo/a.
• Eikeland, Per Ove; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Skjærseth, Jon Birger (2024). Against all odds? Explaining the new clean hydrogen strategy of the European Union.
• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2024). Energy poverty and its effects on the energy transition.
• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Taranger, Karianne Krohn (2024). Where do the weight of the actor interests lead us? Political pathway feasibility of electrification, hydrogen, bioenergy, or energy savings .
• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2023). Wind Power Policies and Diffusion in the Nordic Countries. Comparative Patterns.
• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson; Gulbrandsen, Lars Harald & Opsahl, Gustav (2023). Survey om kommunenes erfaring med vindkraft.
• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2023). Land-use change and changing windpower governance: Process, practices and pressure (WINDGOV).
• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Taranger, Karianne Krohn (2023). Presenterte innledende opplegg og funn fra PowerPoor-prosjektet.
• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2023). FME Include's work with energy transition, and perspectives for the UNDP.
• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Taranger, Karianne Krohn (2023). Analysing political feasibility in energy transitions: Norway as a case in point. Show summary

  Energy transitions are contested and research on the politics of transitions has recently received more attention. Political intervention has historically been a crucial part of all major transitions, both in inducing them as well as in managing the social consequences and pathway directions, thus emphasising the role of policy and politics in energy transitions. Analysing political feasibility therefore is an important aspect of understanding the scope of possible energy transition pathways. This paper reviews theory on political feasibility in energy transitions, develops a pragmatic analytical framework to analyse energy transition political feasibility, and suggests some ways forward for practical analysis guided by the example of Norway. While a high number of factors will influence transition pathway political feasibility, a key assumption here is that interest structures are the main influence factor behind the direction and shape of a transition pathway. The paper takes a starting point in the observation that policymakers will usually adopt or implement policies that align with the interest of important stakeholders. If an energy transition pathway receives significant and tangible support over time, it is likely to see positive feedbacks, where investments in and ownership of established infrastructures, R&D, competence, and political alliances become stronger over time. While future interest coalitions are difficult to predict, contemporary interest coalitions are likely to give some indications of future directions. Based on the imperfect insight that actors in a regime tend to shape policy to their own interests we can assume that future pathway direction generally will align with the main interest structures in the energy sectors. The analytical framework develops two main dimensions for analysing the political feasibility of energy-transition pathways: structural conditions, and dynamic domestic politics. Structural conditions represent far-reaching and slow-changing influences that typically includes economic, political, and sociocultural conditions to affect policy development. Adoption and design of a particular policy or pathway are heavily influenced by the alignment with such structural interests or ‘national characteristics’. Following the structural dimension, the pathway with a better fit with structural interests is more politically feasible. Dynamic domestic politics, on the other hand, represents a shorter-term rational-actor-based perspective, where the influence of stakeholders on policy-decisions is deemed crucial to policy outcomes. Interest groups are central to the adoption of policy, which is unlikely to succeed without the support of a winning coalition. Here, the pathway with the most supporters is more politically feasible. The combination of structural interests that align (or not) with decarbonisation strategies, and dynamic interests providing a more short-term and fluctuating perspective on political feasibility, enable a simple, practical analysis of political feasibility. Resting on a literature review the paper develops the political feasibility framework. Using the case of energy transition in Norway as an illustrative example anchors the framework to empirical observations. As Norway’s main decarbonisation strategy is electrification, with growing challenges of its already fully renewable electricity sector, the case is useful for illuminating the use of the framework for analysing also other national contexts.

• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Standal, Karina (2023). Key narratives of the Norwegian energy transition options.
• Standal, Karina & Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2023). Dimensions of decentralised and local energy production: Opportunities and barriers for the energy transition .
• Westskog, Hege; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Winther, Tanja (2023). Include. Om senteret og kommunenes rolle i energiomstillingen.
• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2023). Sofies grønne skifte: 3. Omstilling for fattig og for rik. [Radio]. Universitetsplassen. Show summary

  Sofies grønne skifte: Omstilling for fattig og for rik Hvordan får vi folk gjennom den grønne omstillingen på en god måte? At det ikke blir for smertefullt, og kun for de som har mest? Hvordan skal vi klare å endre oss på en måte som gjør at folk faktisk ønsker å bli med? I tredje episode av podkasten Sofies grønne skifte snakker Sofie Frøysaa med Thor Håkon Jackson Inderberg fra Fridtjof Nansens Institutt og Katinka Holtsmark, postdoktor ved Økonomisk institutt ved Universitetet i Oslo. Lytt til episoden:

• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2023). Energy Systems in Transition:International challenges and Norwegian peculiarities .
• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2023). Rettferdig energiomstilling – er det mulig?
• Matthiasen, Eivind Hjort; Palm, Jenny & Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2023). Policy-prosessen for effekttariffer i Norge og Sverige: inkludering av forbrukerperspektiver og rettferdighetsdimensjoner.
• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson; Westskog, Hege & Leikanger, Iris (2023). Hvordan kan beslutningsprosesser i kommuner skape energiomstilling? En casestudie av Vestsiden ungdomsskole, Kongsberg.
• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2023). Comparing windpower and solar PV utilities - learning from past mistakes.
• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson; Westskog, Hege & Leikanger, Iris (2023). «Fra ildsjeler til institusjonalisering»: Institusjonalisering – hva er det og hvorfor viktig for bærekraftig omstilling? .
• Eikeland, Per Ove; Taranger, Karianne Krohn; Gulbrandsen, Lars Harald & Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2022). Tatt av vinden? Endring i norske kommuners holdninger til vindkraft Include Resultater og Anbefalinger 7/2022 .
• Winther, Tanja; Bredvold, Torjus Lunder & Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2022). energifattigdom. Store Norske Leksikon (Nettutgaven).
• Winther, Tanja & Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2022). Myndighetene bør sikre at alle grupper har tilgang til en viss mengde rimelig strøm. Aftenposten (morgenutg. : trykt utg.). ISSN 0804-3116.
• Lindberg, Marie Byskov & Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2022). Egenproduksjon av strøm i borettslag.
• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2022). Include: Some challenges for Norway’s energy policies.
• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2022). Norges kraftsektor i endring: Politiske utfordringer, drivere, og retning(er). .
• Eikeland, Per Ove; Taranger, Karianne Krohn; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Gulbrandsen, Lars Harald (2022). A Wind of Change: explaining shifts in municipal stand on windpower by policy feedback from energy justice considerations.
• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2022). Framtidens energimarked – og behovet for Inkluderende omstilling. Eksempler fra vindkraftprosesser og energifattigdom .
• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2022). En sosialt rettferdig energiomstilling? Eksempler fra vindkraftprosesser og energifattigdom .
• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2022). A social and political energy transition: The example of the Norwegian electricity system .
• Stokke, Knut Bjørn; Peters, Sebastian; Saglie, Inger-Lise; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Gulbrandsen, Lars Harald (2022). Nature - the weak spot in land-use planning processes? Planning of windpower and second homes in Norway. .
• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2022). Elektrifiseringen av Norge: Utfordringer og muligheter.
• Lindberg, Marie Byskov & Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2022). Lokal energi i borettslag? Hindre og muligheter for å installere solceller.
• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2022). Samfunnsforskningens rolle i energiomstilling. Deltakelse i paneldebatt. Show summary

  Deltakelse i paneldebatt om samfunnsforskningens rolle og langtidsplanen for forskning, med blant annet direktør Norges forskningsråd, rektor UiA, Energi Norge, og medlem av energikommiteen på Stortinget.

• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2022). Energifattigdom «på norsk»: Hva er det og hva kan vi gjøre med det?
• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson; Eikeland, Per Ove & Taranger, Karianne Krohn (2022). Can energy transitions be just? Insights from Include and windpower processes in Norway.
• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2022). Muligheter og utfordringer i et nytt konsesjonssystem for vindkraft. Show summary

  Presenterte forskningsfunn og anbefalinger for design av nytt konsesjonssystem til energi- og vannressursavdelingen i Olje- og energidepartementet.

• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2022). Hva er bakgrunnen for utbyggingsiveren i Norsk kraftsektor, og hvilke alternativer finnes? .
• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2022). Some challenges for Norway’s energy policies.
• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson; Gulbrandsen, Lars Harald; Stokke, Knut Bjørn & Darpö, Jan (2021). Referansegruppemøte Windgov. Show summary

  Oppstartsmøte med alle brukerpartnere i WINDGOV. Målet var å bli kjent og planlegge fokus i prosjektet.

• Wettestad, Jørgen; Gulbrandsen, Lars Harald & Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2021). Kan Langskip lykkes der Mongstad feilet? Læring, politisk arv og omgivelser.
• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2021). Presentasjon av status og arbeid i arbeidspakke 1, Include (referansegruppemøte). Show summary

  Presentasjon av funn og overordnede planer for WP1, med vekt på doktorgradskandidatene i arbeidspakke 1.

• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2021). Response to Alexander Dunlap's presentation on renewables neo colonialism.
• Winther, Tanja; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson; Røe, Per Gunnar & Smørdal, Ole (2021). Møte med rep. fra Energi- og vassdragsavdelingen i Olje- og energidepartementet (OED).
• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2021). Sesjon 1: Tatt av vinden . Show summary

  Presenterte overordnede perspektiver på endringer i vindkraftpolitikk, og ledet parralellsesjonen.

• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Winther, Tanja (2021). - Jeg skammer meg sånn Nina (61) lever på strøm- prisens nåde. [Newspaper]. VG.
• Ludvigsen, Elin; Bergesen, Eirik & Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2021). Konfliktnivå og utbygging av vindkraft. [TV]. TV2. Show summary

  22 minutters studiodiskusjon om vindkraften i Norge: Er vi ferdig med å bygge vindmøller i Norge? Det er høyt konfliktnivå og utbygging av vindkraft er satt på vent. Men Norge trenger mer fornybar energi så hva er løsningen?

• Jakobsen, Siw Ellen & Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2021). Det er ikke bare fattige som sliter med strømregningen. [Internet]. Forskning.no.
• Eikeland, Per Ove; Taranger, Karianne Krohn; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Gulbrandsen, Lars Harald (2021). Vinden som skiftet retning.
• Winther, Tanja; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson; Smørdal, Ole; Westskog, Hege & Berge, Erik (2021). Møte med Include-partner Troms og Finnmark fylkeskommune.
• Winther, Tanja; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Sundet, Øyvind (2021). Møte med Troms Kraft.
• Winther, Tanja; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson; Solnørdal, Mette Talseth & Nilsen, Elin Anita (2021). Include - Fellesmøte med partnere i Tromsø.
• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2021). Include WP1: Pågående arbeid og planer videre.
• Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson (2021). Arbeidet i WP1 opp til nå og planer.
• Jackson Inderberg, Tor Håkon (2021). Konsesjonsordningen for vindkraft: Hva skjedde og hvordan blir det? .
• Lindberg, Marie Byskov & Jackson Inderberg, Tor Håkon (2021). Egenproduksjon av strøm i boligselskaper.
• Jackson Inderberg, Tor Håkon (2021). Storbritannias klimaomlegging: Gassens fremtidige rolle .
• Jackson Inderberg, Tor Håkon (2021). New dimensions of energy poverty? Evolving requirements for household electricity consumer flexibility.
• Jackson Inderberg, Tor Håkon (2021). ‘Smarting up’ the Norwegian electricity system: developments so far and possible implications for the future system and consumers.
• Jackson Inderberg, Tor Håkon (2021). The climate vs. the environment debate . Show summary

  The lecture was about the tradeoffs, conflicts and synergies of climate and (local) environemntal considerations in general, and with examples from management of windpower planning and licensing in Norway.

• Jackson Inderberg, Tor Håkon (2021). Social barriers and implications of Clean Energy Transitions: Experiences from Include.
• Holsten, Hilde; Jackson Inderberg, Tor Håkon; Westskog, Hege & Winther, Tanja (2020). Hvem skaffer seg solcellepanel hjemme? [Journal]. Forskning.no. Show summary

  Plusskunder er betegnelsen som brukes på dem som har et anlegg ved boligen sin som produserer strøm. Som oftest dreier det seg om solcelleanlegg. I enkelte perioder produserer gjerne anlegget mer strøm enn kunden klarer å forbruke selv. De kan dermed selge strøm tilbake på nettet. Forskerne har undersøkt forholdene i markedet for plusskunder. De har analysert faktorer som hindrer eller fremmer at flere produserer strøm til eget forbruk i Norge. Ifølge forskerne er det særlig to ting som kjennetegner de som tidlig ble plusskunder: De er opptatt av miljø og er gode på teknologi.

• Jackson Inderberg, Tor Håkon (2020). Centrally decentralising? Analysing key policies and pathways in Norway’s electricity transitions .
• Holsten, Hilde & Jackson Inderberg, Tor Håkon (2020). Why some municipalities accept windpower farms. [Business/trade/industry journal]. sciencenorway.com. Show summary

  Siting controversies has become familiar in windpower development. Researchers have examined why some Norwegian municipalities agree to host windpower. Three main factors stand out.

• Winther, Tanja; Westskog, Hege; Jackson Inderberg, Tor Håkon; Røe, Per Gunnar & Smørdal, Ole (2020). Møte med 22 brukerpartnere Include.
• Aasen, Marianne; Jackson Inderberg, Tor Håkon; Standal, Karina; Sæle, Hanne; Westskog, Hege & Winther, Tanja (2020). Hvem kan jevne ut strømbruken sin? Teknisk Ukeblad. ISSN 0040-2354.
• Winther, Tanja; Jackson Inderberg, Tor Håkon; Røe, Per Gunnar; Westskog, Hege & Smørdal, Ole (2020). Dialogmøte med OED om Include.
• Jackson Inderberg, Tor Håkon (2019). The Need for Justice Perspectives in the Norwegian Energy Transition.
• Jackson Inderberg, Tor Håkon (2019). FLEXEFFECT i FME INCLUDE - integrasjon og arbeidsdeling.
• Jackson Inderberg, Tor Håkon (2019). The Institute Sector’s Research on Sustainability: Perspectives from The Fridtjof Nansen Institute.
• Jackson Inderberg, Tor Håkon (2019). En kvantitativ analyse av konsesjonsprosessene for vindkraft i Norge. Og andre forskningsresultater.
• Gulbrandsen, Lars Harald; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Opsahl, Gustav (2024). Norske kommuners erfaringer med vindkraft: Resultater fra en nasjonal survey. Fridtjof Nansens Institutt. ISSN 978-82-7613-764-4.
• Standal, Karina; Aasen, Marianne; Christensen, Ingrid; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson; Julsrud, Tom Erik & Matthiasen, Eivind Hjort [Show all 12 contributors for this article] (2023). Forbrukerfleksibilitet: Et kunnskapsgrunnlag for å forstå husholdningers oppfatninger og muligheter. CICERO Senter for Klimaforskning. Show summary

  I Norge ble en ny modell for beregning av nettleie innført 1. juli 2022. Formålet med den nye nettleien er å motivere husholdninger til å fordele strømforbruket jevnere utover døgnet. På tidspunktet hvor den nye nettleien ble planlagt innført var det liten kunnskap om virkninger av slike virkemidler på forbrukere. Flexeffect-prosjektet startet har undersøkt virkninger virkemidler for fleksibel strømbruk på forskjellige husholdningsgrupper. Resultatene viser at mange av forbrukerne forstår og er enige med formålet for ny nettleie. Samtidig gjør utformingen det vanskelig å forstå og tilpasse seg i hverdagslivet og det er konkurrerende signaler og hensyn de må ta. Videre har mange uttrykt bekymring for at den nye nettleien kan få uheldige og urettferdige fordelingsvirkninger. Våre funn viser også at det er krevende for forbrukere å ta i bruk ny teknologi for å øke forbrukerfleksibiliteten. Selv om forbrukerhensyn er nevnt i den politiske prosessen for å innføre ny nettleie er forbrukerne svakt representert i utformingen og forbrukerhensynene som inngår i konsultasjonene har en tendens til å være generelle. Dimensjoner som systembehov er blitt mer vektlagt enn forbrukerbehov og ikke minst forbrukeres evne til tilpasning.

• Belsnes, Michael Martin; Bjørndal, Mette; Elverhøi, Anders; Espegren, Kari Aamodt; Fæhn, Taran & Jaehnert, Stefan [Show all 16 contributors for this article] (2023). Energikrisen i Europa og det norske kraftmarkedet. NTNU. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Dette notatet oppsummerer en serie workshoper som ble organisert våren 2022 av FME-sentrene NTRANS, CINELDI, ZEN, HighEFF, Include, NorthWind og HydroCEN, sammen med NTVA og DNVA. Ved noen workshoper ble flere partnere invitert inn på arrangørsiden. Bakgrunnen for workshopene var en lengre periode med svært høye energipriser i Europa, som forplantet seg til høye strømpriser i Norge og store prisforskjeller mellom regioner. Målet med seminarserien var å diskutere og systematisere det tverrfaglige faktaunderlaget som forskningsmiljøene har utviklet innenfor tematikken. Med tanke på tidsperspektivet så vi at dette kunne gjøres som en serie seminarer/workshops med avgrenset tematikk. Konklusjonene oppsummeres i denne rapporten, som trekker sammen læring og syntese på tvers av workshopene

• Skjærseth, Jon Birger; Eikeland, Per Ove; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Larsen, Mari Lie (2023). Norway's Internal and External Hydrogen Strategy. Research Institute for Sustainability Studies (RIFS).
• Lindberg, Marie Byskov; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson & Nyen, Johanne Elise (2022). Muligheter for solenergi i boligselskaper i Norge, Danmark og Sverige . Include Forskningssenter for sosialt inkluderende omstilling.
• Raspotnik, Andreas; Østhagen, Andreas; Inderberg, Tor Håkon Jackson; Rottem, Svein Vigeland; Jørgensen, Anne-Kristin & Hønneland, Geir Børre [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2022). Blue Governance: Governing the Blue Economy in Alaska and North Norway (AlaskaNor Work Package V Report). Nord universitet. ISSN 2535-2733. Show summary

  Blue Governance: Governing the Blue Economy in Alaska and North Norway (AlaskaNor Work Package V Report)

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