HYDROGENi – Norwegian centre for hydrogen and ammonia research and innovation

• Lu, Xu & Johnsen, Roy (2024). Hydrogen diffusion and uptake in nickel Alloy 625 under cathodic protection conditions. Heliyon. ISSN 2405-8440. doi: org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33924.
• Betken, Benjamin; Austegard, Anders; Finotti, Francesco; Caccamo, Chiara; Stang, Hans Georg Jacob & Khosravi, Bahareh [Show all 7 contributors for this article] (2024). Measurements of the Viscosity of Hydrogen and a (Hydrogen + Methane) Mixture with a Two-Capillary Viscometer. International journal of thermophysics. ISSN 0195-928X. 45(4). doi: 10.1007/s10765-023-03328-6. Full text in Research Archive Show summary

  Measurements of the viscosity of pure hydrogen and a binary (hydrogen + methane) mixture with a nominal composition 90 mol % hydrogen are presented. The measurements were conducted with a two-capillary viscometer relative to helium along three isotherms of (298.15, 323.15, and 348.15) K and at pressures of up to 18 MPa. Expanded relative combined uncertainties in viscosity range from (0.65 to 2.7) % (k = 2) for the hydrogen data, and from (0.91 to 3.2) % (k = 2) for the (hydrogen + methane) data. The viscosity data are compared to experimental literature data and viscosity correlations implemented in the NIST REFPROP v10.0 database. Good agreement between this work’s data, literature data, and the viscosity correlation was achieved for pure hydrogen. The (hydrogen + methane) mixture was compared to the Extended Corresponding States (ECS) model implemented in REFPROP v10.0. Relative deviations between the experimental data and the ECS model exceed the experimental uncertainty and were found to exhibit a positive trend with increasing density and a weakly pronounced negative trend with increasing temperature. No experimental literature data are available at overlapping state regions. Nonetheless, deviations to the ECS model imply reasonable consistency of this work’s data and literature data. In addition to experimental viscosities, experimental zero-density viscosity ratios of the fluids under investigation and helium are reported. Fairly good agreement within the experimental uncertainty of this work with a highly accurate literature value and a value obtained from accurate ab initio calculated data was achieved for hydrogen.

• Özgün, Özge; Lu, Xu; Ma, Yan & Raabe, Dierk (2023). How much hydrogen is in green steel? npj Materials Degradation. ISSN 2397-2106. 7(1). doi: 10.1038/s41529-023-00397-8. Full text in Research Archive
• Baboi, Elena; Paltrinieri, Nicola & Bucelli, Marta (2023). Review of gaps and needs in data collection and definition of equipment classes, failure modes and safety equipment for hydrogen systems. Institution of Chemical Engineers Symposium Series. ISSN 0307-0492. 170. Show summary

  As the world embarks on a transition towards a sustainable, carbon-neutral energy future, hydrogen has emerged as a promising alternative energy carrier. However, the safe handling and storage of hydrogen is a challenge due to its unique properties and associated hazards. In this work, a review of the state of the art on the availability and quality of data for quantitative risk analysis is performed. Gaps and needs in data collection are identified with the aim to understand what the challenges for the safe use of hydrogen are. To ensure and demonstrate the safe and reliable operation of hydrogen systems, it is crucial to understand their equipment classes, failure modes, and safety equipment performance. However, from the comprehensive review of the literature and existing industry practices, a significant lack of standardization in the definitions of these classes and modes is highlighted. This can lead to inconsistent data collection and interpretation, limiting the ability of researchers and practitioners to identify and mitigate safety risks. Additionally, the data available is incomprehensive and low-quality. The current gaps in data may stem from a variety of factors, including the novelty of some types of hydrogen equipment, proprietary concerns, and a lack of centralized data collection and sharing platforms. Several solutions are proposed for the identified gaps and needs for data collection of hydrogen systems. These include the development of universal definitions of hydrogen equipment classes and failure modes, the establishment of centralized data collection and sharing platforms, and the creation of detailed guidelines for the selection of safety equipment. This work is intended to inform future research and standards development efforts, thereby contributing to the safe and successful deployment of hydrogen energy systems. It emphasizes the importance of collaboration and data sharing between researchers, industry practitioners, regulators, and standardization bodies to overcome these challenges. In conclusion, the safe and effective deployment of hydrogen systems requires a rigorous and comprehensive approach to data collection, equipment classification, failure mode definition, and safety equipment selection. Addressing these gaps and needs will require concerted efforts from all stakeholders in the hydrogen community. KEYWORDS: Failure modes, Hydrogen, Equipment Classes, Safety Equipment, HIAD 2.0

• Lu, Xu; Ma, Yan; Ma, Yuan; Wang, Dong; Gao, Lei & Song, Wenwen [Show all 8 contributors for this article] (2023). Unravelling the effect of F phase on hydrogen-assisted intergranular cracking in nickel-based Alloy 725: Experimental and DFT study. Corrosion Science. ISSN 0010-938X. 225. doi: 10.1016/j.corsci.2023.111569.
• Barbosa Watanabe, Marcos Djun; Hu, Xiangping; Ballal, Vedant Pushpahas; Cavalett, Otavio & Cherubini, Francesco (2023). Climate change mitigation potentials of on grid-connected Power-to-X fuels and advanced biofuels for the European maritime transport. Energy Conversion and Management: X. 20. doi: 10.1016/j.ecmx.2023.100418. Full text in Research Archive

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• Banet, Catherine (2024). Drafting national hydrogen legislation for upcoming markets: a comparative analysis.
• Norby, Truls (2024). Mechanisms and polarisation of electrodes for proton ceramic electrochemical cells (PCECs).
• Banet, Catherine (2024). The upcoming EU legislative framework for hydrogen and gases markets.
• Wang, Luyang; Sun, Xinwei; Jiang, Bo & Norby, Truls (2024). Minority bulk and surface proton conduction in ceramic positrodes for proton ceramic electrochemical cells.
• Nguyen, Duc Duy; Turner, James W.G; Pedersen, Eilif & Emberson, David Robert (2024). Pre-Chamber Ignition of Ammonia and Hydrogen Fuels for Marine Engines.
• Småbråten, Didrik Rene (2024). Surface Chemistry and Kinetics of Positrodes for Proton Conducting Ceramic Steam Electrolysis.
• Aam, Sverre (2024). Norske muligheter innenfor hydrogen .
• Norby, Truls; Sun, Xinwei & Wang, Luyang (2024). Surface protonic conduction in porous oxides.
• Valdes, Gerardo Alfredo Perez & Bly, Kristine Katherine (2024). Norway's Position on Global Hydrogen Value Chains: A Dual Model Approach. Show summary

  Europe has ambitious hydrogen-related goals. Strategies have been developed at both the union and individual country level to maximize the benefits of this clean energy source. Besides Europe, many countries globally have implemented their own strategies, ambitions, and programs to promote hydrogen development and use. Norway is uniquely positioned in this global context. It has abundant clean energy sources, substantial natural gas reserves, and is geographically close to Europe. These factors could boost hydrogen production and use. Furthermore, these factors could drive the development and application of the necessary technology, potentially positioning Norway as a global leader in the hydrogen landscape. Although the details of the economics and logistics are not clear yet, understanding them is crucial. The Hydorgen-i project aims to thoroughly investigate the hydrogen value chain, in Norway and also internationally. This examination will include both economic factors and social perspectives. This comprehensive understanding will help us develop effective strategies for the future. We will use the BROMo optimisation model, which focuses on logistics, to gain insights into localisation, transport, and investment aspects of the hydrogen value chain. Depending on prices, distances, and the availability of raw materials, BROMo could help determine Norway's optimal role in the future of hydrogen. For the second analysis, we use a macroeconomic model called SUMSNorway. This model operates on a national scale, analysing national industrial structures and determining how investments, imports, and production factors impact value chains. SUMSNorway helps us understand which industries will need more labor and likely education to enhance value creation. Although these models are from entirely different research areas, we have successfully combined their results in the past. We've used macroeconomic tables, like those in SUMS, to guide our optimisation models’ demand, supply, and industrial conversion parameters. We plan to use the results of the optimisation simulations to inform the macroeconomic models.

• Norby, Truls; Wu, Mengxin; Ewerhardt, Patrick & Sun, Xinwei (2024). Charge and Mass Transfer Polarisation of Electrodes for Proton Ceramic Electrochemical Cells .
• Hansen, Bjørn Henrik & Nepstad, Raymond (2024). Environmental risk assessment of accidental ammonia spills to the marine environment.
• Hansen, Bjørn Henrik; Farkas, Julia; Bucelli, Marta & Nepstad, Raymond (2024). Risks of Environmental Impacts of Accidental Spills of Ammonia to the Marine Environment. Show summary

  Regulations for fuel usage in maritime traffic by MARPOL are setting global standards that aims at reducing air pollution, reducing carbon emissions, and increasing energy efficiency. However, in the event of an accidental acute spill, how does conventional fuel oils compare to green ammonia in terms of potential environmental impact? We explored this challenge by a combination of an experimental ecotoxicology and a modelling approach. First, we assessed the acute and sub-lethal toxicity of fuel oils and ammonia to Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) embryos. Atlantic cod embryos were exposed for 4 days starting 3 days after hatch, and after exposure, the embryos were transferred to clean sea water until 3 days post hatch. Survival and hatching were monitored daily, and at the end of the experiment, larvae were imaged for assessing larvae morphometry and potential deformations. Second, we simulated acute spills of the fuels using the Dose-related Risk and Effects Assessment Model (DREAM) and the Oil Spill Contingency and Response model (OSCAR) to predict spreading and estimate the risk of toxicity to pelagic marine organisms. Ammonia caused acute toxicity to cod embryos; however, no indications of delayed toxicity were observed. No additional mortality was observed during the recovery period, and the surviving larvae displayed no deformations. Fish exposed to petrogenic fuel oils, however, displayed both acute toxicity as well as clear signs of deformations. DREAM and OSCAR simulations suggests that most of the ammonia reached the surface and evaporated, but some spreading of ammonia as ammonium generated a plume which displayed concentrations exceeding predicted no-effect concentrations (PNEC). Spills of marine gas oil, very low sulphur fuel oil and heavy fuel oil behaved differently. MGO, like ammonia, spread in the water column, however, substantial fractions also evaporated, biodegraded, surfaced, and reached shorelines. Most of the heavy fuel oil and very low sulphur fuel oil, however, ended up on the surface and were carried by waves and to shorelines, and very little of the mass ended up in the water column. The MGO had a lower PNEC than ammonia, so the total volumes of water containing concentrations exceeding the PNEC was higher for MGO than ammonia. For the VLSFO and HFO, insignificant volumes of water exceeded PNEC, due to the fate outcomes discussed above.

• Lagemann, Benjamin (2024). Extended assessment of hydrogen-based ship fuels.
• Banet, Catherine & Antunes, Nuno (2024). Hydrogen Sales and Purchase Agreement (H2 SPA): Challenges in Contract Standardization. [Internet]. Universitetet i Oslo. Show summary

  The discussion surrounding the role of (renewable and/or low-carbon) hydrogen in the energy transition is far from over, opinions ranging virtually from ‘fanciful idea’ to ‘silver-bullet’. Irrespective of the outcome of such discussion, multiple projects are somewhere in design / pre-FEED stage, the issue ‘offtaking / offtaker’ emerging as a critical point. Here, the contract for sale and purchase of hydrogen (and derivatives) has become the centre of attention. The Association of International Energy Negotiators (AIEN), which holds a proven track record in developing model agreements for the oil and gas industry, launched in 2022 a ‘Hydrogen Taskforce’ to delve into contract standardization in the realm of hydrogen. During this webinar, an account of the work undertaken, next steps and some of the specific challenges encountered were given.

• Norby, Truls (2024). Mechanisms and Polarisation of Electrodes for Proton Ceramic Electrochemical Cells.
• Røkke, Nils Anders (2023). Tyskland og Japan rykker fra innen hydrogen-patenter. Norge er ikke engang nevnt i ny oversikt. [Business/trade/industry journal]. TU.
• Røkke, Nils Anders (2023). Bærekraftssjef: Tiden er ikke inne for å så tvil om hydrogen – det er faktisk nå det gjelder. Kystens Næringsliv.
• Småbråten, Didrik Rene & Polfus, Jonathan (2023). DFT on electrodes for high-temperature electrolysis.
• Røkke, Nils Anders (2023). Hydrogen i vår tid.
• Røkke, Nils Anders (2023). Hydrogen in our time.
• Norby, Truls (2023). Mechanisms and parameterization of electrodes for proton ceramic electrochemical cells.
• Gardarsdottir, Stefania Osk (2023). HYDROGENi - Norwegian research and innovation centre for hydrogen and ammonia.
• Ulleberg, Øystein; Helgesen, Geir & Hansen, Per Morten (2023). Modeling of Hydrogen Refueling Systems for Maritime Applications.
• Bujlo, Piotr; Holm, Thomas; Hancke, Ragnhild & Ulleberg, Øystein (2023). Experimental Set Up for PEM Fuel Cell Testing and Monitoring.
• Ulleberg, Øystein (2023). Hydrogen og brenselsceller for maritime anvendelse.
• Banet, Catherine (2023). How could market rules for hydrogen interplay with market rules for electricity.
• Mäkitie, Tuukka Rainer Reinhold (2023). Sociotechnical conditions for hydrogen upscaling.
• Lu, Xu; Ma, Yan; Ma, Yuan & Johnsen, Roy (2023). H-assisted failure in nickel alloys and possible mitigation approaches .
• Ewerhardt, Patrick; Wu, Mengxin; Norby, Truls; Bjørheim, Tor Svendsen & Polfus, Jonathan M. (2023). Finite element modelling of kinetic processes in proton ceramic electrochemical cells.
• Barbosa Watanabe, Marcos Djun (2023). Climate impacts of hydrogen-based biofuels.
• Barbosa Watanabe, Marcos Djun; Ballal, Vedant Pushpahas; Hu, Xiangping & Cherubini, Francesco (2023). Power-to-X and Hydrogen-based Biofuels as Alternatives to Decarbonize the European Maritime Sector until 2050.
• Røkke, Nils Anders (2023). Midt-Norge blir nå en «hydrogen valley» .
• Røkke, Nils Anders (2023). Mid-Norway is now a “hydrogen valley” .
• Røkke, Nils Anders & Scott, Jessica Ruth (2023). SINTEF at European Hydrogen Week 2023 in Brussels .
• Røkke, Nils Anders (2023). Now is the time to stop talking up the benefits of natural gas .
• Røkke, Nils Anders (2023). Blue hydrogen: the real bridge between fossil fuels and renewable energy .
• Lagemann, Benjamin & Rialland, Agathe Isabelle (2023). Assessment of hydrogen-based fuels.
• Fontaine, Marie-Laure (2023). Technologies for enabling cost-effective and large-scale H2 and NH3 production technologies: an introduction to HYDROGENi FME.
• Fontaine, Marie-Laure (2023). Technologies for enabling cost-effective and large-scale H2 and NH3 production technologies: an introduction to HYDROGENi FME.
• Fontaine, Marie-Laure (2023). HYDROGENi: A Norwegian Centre for Environment-friendly Energy Research.
• Olden, Vigdis; Johnsen, Roy; Jemblie, Lise; Hagen, Anette Brocks; Hagen, Catalina Hoem Musinoi & Zhang, Zhiliang [Show all 9 contributors for this article] (2023). International Hydrogen and Materials Integrity Workshop 2023.
• Wang, Luyang; Sun, Xinwei & Norby, Truls (2023). Minority Bulk and Surface Proton Conduction in Positrodes for Proton Ceramic Electrochemical Cells. Show summary

  The positrode is a critical component for proton ceramic steam electrolyzers and fuel cells for hydrogen and ammonia. It constitutes a major contribution to the over-potentials and hence losses in the whole cell, resulting from its limited solubility and diffusivity of protons, which is challenging to characterise and improve. We are introducing a PhD project that aims to establish theoretical frameworks and experimental methodology for measuring protonic conductivities in the bulk and on surfaces of positrode materials. The approaches to reach the goal comprise the use of defect chemistry and transport theory for protons conduction, with the implementation of physiochemical experiments to distinguish signals of protons among other defects and charge carriers and paths on those predominantly electronic conductors. The results will be used as input to other project participants who perform computer simulations and, on that basis, seek strategies for optimization and effects on electrodes in scaled-up cells.

• Gardarsdottir, Stefania Osk (2023). Hydrogenets rolle i fremtidens energisystem - fra et norsk perspektiv.
• Norby, Truls (2023). Model and parameterisation of positrodes for proton ceramic electrochemical cells .
• Røkke, Nils Anders (2023). COP28: Hydrogen’s role in the energy transition .
• Raynaud, Xavier Marcel; Clark, Simon; Johansson, August & Nilsen, Halvor Møll (2023). Modeling and simulation of an anion-exchange membrane electrolyzer using BattMo: a unified open source platform for electrochemical systems.
• Røkke, Nils Anders (2023). Klart for nasjonalt laboratorium innen hydrogenforskning. [Business/trade/industry journal]. VVS aktuelt.
• Røkke, Nils Anders (2023). Nytt nasjonalt laboratorium for hydrogenforskning åpnet. [Business/trade/industry journal]. Hydrogen24.
• Røkke, Nils Anders (2023). Åpnet nasjonalt laboratorium for hydrogenforskning. [Internet]. extraavisen .
• Røkke, Nils Anders (2023). Åpnet nasjonalt laboratorium for hydrogenforskning. [Business/trade/industry journal]. Energiaktuelt.
• Norby, Truls (2023). Transport in electrolytes and electrodes of proton ceramic electrochemical cells (PCECs) .
• Norby, Truls (2023). Proton Conducting Ceramics - Science and Applications .
• Røkke, Nils Anders (2022). BP considère l’Égypte et la Mauritanie comme des pôles d’hydrogène vert. [Business/trade/industry journal]. Cridem.
• Røkke, Nils Anders (2022). Egypt and Mauritania, BP’s Potential Green Hydrogen Hubs . [Business/trade/industry journal]. The Electricity Hub.
• Røkke, Nils Anders (2022). Nå må vi slutte å snakke om naturgassens fortrinn. [Internet]. Gemini.
• Røkke, Nils Anders (2022). SINTEF to participate in United Nations Climate Change Conference in Egypt. [Newspaper]. Nigerian NewsDistrict.
• Røkke, Nils Anders (2022). BP considère l’Égypte et la Mauritanie comme des pôles d’hydrogène vert. [Business/trade/industry journal]. Le Quotidien.
• Røkke, Nils Anders (2022). BP considère l’Égypte et la Mauritanie comme des pôles d’hydrogène vert. [Internet]. Mauriweb.
• Røkke, Nils Anders (2022). Sensasjonelt funn gir håp om ren kraft: – Kjempespennende. [Newspaper]. Steinkjer24.
• Bly, Kristine & Perez-Valdes, Gerardo Alfredo (2023). Norway’s position in the global hydrogen value chain A macroeconomic perspective. SINTEF AS.
• van Gessel, Serge; Hajibeygi, Hadi; Edlmann, Katriona; Dopffel, Nicole; Xie, Quan & Hough, Ed [Show all 29 contributors for this article] (2023). Underground Hydrogen Storage: Technology Monitor Report. IEA Technology Collaboration Programme.

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